Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/main' into bb/remove-composer-message-shadows

# Conflicts:
#	apps/desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool-fallback.tsx

apps/desktop/src/app/chat/chat-drop-overlay.tsx

@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@ import { useRef } from 'react'
 
 import type { DragKind } from '@/app/chat/hooks/use-file-drop-zone'
 import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 
-const COPY: Record<'files' | 'session', { icon: string; label: string }> = {
-  files: { icon: 'cloud-upload', label: 'Drop files to attach' },
-  session: { icon: 'comment-discussion', label: 'Drop to link this chat' }
+const ICONS: Record<'files' | 'session', string> = {
+  files: 'cloud-upload',
+  session: 'comment-discussion'
 }
 
 /**
@@ -17,13 +18,16 @@ const COPY: Record<'files' | 'session', { icon: string; label: string }> = {
  * fade-out so the label doesn't blank.
  */
 export function ChatDropOverlay({ kind }: { kind: DragKind }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const lastKind = useRef<'files' | 'session'>('files')
 
   if (kind) {
     lastKind.current = kind
   }
 
-  const { icon, label } = COPY[kind ?? lastKind.current]
+  const resolvedKind = kind ?? lastKind.current
+  const icon = ICONS[resolvedKind]
+  const label = resolvedKind === 'files' ? t.composer.dropFiles : t.composer.dropSession
 
   return (
     <div

apps/desktop/src/app/chat/chat-swap-overlay.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
 
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 
 // Braille spinner frames — reads as a tiny ASCII loader in monospace.
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ const FRAMES = ['⠋', '⠙', '⠹', '⠸', '⠼', '⠴', '⠦', '⠧', '⠇', '
 // backend (lazily spawned). Keeps the last profile name through the fade-out so
 // the label doesn't blank. Purely visual — pointer-events-none.
 export function ChatSwapOverlay({ profile }: { profile: string | null }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const [frame, setFrame] = useState(0)
   const [label, setLabel] = useState<null | string>(profile)
 
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ export function ChatSwapOverlay({ profile }: { profile: string | null }) {
     >
       <div className="flex items-center gap-2 bg-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-card)_92%,transparent)] px-4 py-2 font-mono text-[0.8125rem] text-foreground shadow-composer">
         <span className="w-3 text-(--ui-accent)">{FRAMES[frame]}</span>
-        Waking up {label}…
+        {t.composer.wakingProfile(label ?? '')}
       </div>
     </div>
   )

apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-mic-recorder.ts

@@ -17,39 +17,49 @@ export interface MicRecording {
   heardSpeech: boolean
 }
 
+export interface MicRecorderErrorCopy {
+  microphoneAccessDenied: string
+  microphoneConstraintsUnsupported: string
+  microphoneInUse: string
+  microphonePermissionDenied: string
+  microphoneStartFailed: string
+  microphoneUnsupported: string
+  noMicrophone: string
+}
+
 interface MicRecorderHandle {
   start: (options?: MicRecorderOptions) => Promise<void>
   stop: () => Promise<MicRecording | null>
   cancel: () => void
 }
 
-function micError(error: unknown): Error {
+function micError(error: unknown, copy: MicRecorderErrorCopy): Error {
   const name = error instanceof DOMException ? error.name : ''
 
   if (name === 'NotAllowedError' || name === 'SecurityError') {
-    return new Error('Microphone permission was denied.')
+    return new Error(copy.microphonePermissionDenied)
   }
 
   if (name === 'NotFoundError' || name === 'DevicesNotFoundError') {
-    return new Error('No microphone was found.')
+    return new Error(copy.noMicrophone)
   }
 
   if (name === 'NotReadableError' || name === 'TrackStartError') {
-    return new Error('Microphone is already in use by another app.')
+    return new Error(copy.microphoneInUse)
   }
 
   if (name === 'OverconstrainedError') {
-    return new Error('Microphone constraints are not supported by this device.')
+    return new Error(copy.microphoneConstraintsUnsupported)
   }
 
   if (error instanceof Error) {
     return error
   }
 
-  return new Error('Could not start microphone recording.')
+  return new Error(copy.microphoneStartFailed)
 }
 
-export function useMicRecorder(): { handle: MicRecorderHandle; level: number; recording: boolean } {
+export function useMicRecorder(copy: MicRecorderErrorCopy): { handle: MicRecorderHandle; level: number; recording: boolean } {
   const [level, setLevel] = useState(0)
   const [recording, setRecording] = useState(false)
 
@@ -158,13 +168,13 @@ export function useMicRecorder(): { handle: MicRecorderHandle; level: number; re
     }
 
     if (!navigator.mediaDevices?.getUserMedia || typeof MediaRecorder === 'undefined') {
-      throw new Error('This runtime does not support microphone recording.')
+      throw new Error(copy.microphoneUnsupported)
     }
 
     const permitted = await window.hermesDesktop?.requestMicrophoneAccess?.()
 
     if (permitted === false) {
-      throw new Error('Microphone access denied.')
+      throw new Error(copy.microphoneAccessDenied)
     }
 
     let stream: MediaStream
@@ -174,7 +184,7 @@ export function useMicRecorder(): { handle: MicRecorderHandle; level: number; re
         audio: { echoCancellation: true, noiseSuppression: true }
       })
     } catch (error) {
-      throw micError(error)
+      throw micError(error, copy)
     }
 
     const mimeType =
@@ -188,7 +198,7 @@ export function useMicRecorder(): { handle: MicRecorderHandle; level: number; re
       recorder = new MediaRecorder(stream, mimeType ? { mimeType } : undefined)
     } catch (error) {
       stream.getTracks().forEach(track => track.stop())
-      throw micError(error)
+      throw micError(error, copy)
     }
 
     chunksRef.current = []
@@ -231,7 +241,7 @@ export function useMicRecorder(): { handle: MicRecorderHandle; level: number; re
     }
 
     recorder.onerror = event => {
-      const error = micError((event as Event & { error?: unknown }).error)
+      const error = micError((event as Event & { error?: unknown }).error, copy)
       const resolver = stopResolverRef.current
       stopResolverRef.current = null
       cleanup()

apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-conversation.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
 
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { playSpeechText, stopVoicePlayback } from '@/lib/voice-playback'
 import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
 
@@ -32,7 +33,9 @@ export function useVoiceConversation({
   pendingResponse,
   consumePendingResponse
 }: VoiceConversationOptions) {
-  const { handle, level } = useMicRecorder()
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const voiceCopy = t.notifications.voice
+  const { handle, level } = useMicRecorder(voiceCopy)
   const [status, setStatus] = useState<ConversationStatus>('idle')
   const [muted, setMuted] = useState(false)
   const turnTimeoutRef = useRef<number | null>(null)
@@ -168,7 +171,7 @@ export function useVoiceConversation({
           await onSubmit(transcript)
           setStatus('thinking')
         } catch (error) {
-          notifyError(error, 'Voice transcription failed')
+          notifyError(error, voiceCopy.transcriptionFailed)
 
           if (enabledRef.current && !mutedRef.current && !busyRef.current) {
             pendingStartRef.current = true
@@ -180,7 +183,7 @@ export function useVoiceConversation({
         turnClosingRef.current = false
       }
     },
-    [handle, onSubmit, onTranscribeAudio]
+    [handle, onSubmit, onTranscribeAudio, voiceCopy.transcriptionFailed]
   )
 
   const startListening = useCallback(async () => {
@@ -201,7 +204,7 @@ export function useVoiceConversation({
         silenceMs: 1_250,
         idleSilenceMs: 12_000,
         onError: error => {
-          notifyError(error, 'Microphone failed')
+          notifyError(error, voiceCopy.microphoneFailed)
           pendingStartRef.current = false
           onFatalError?.()
         },
@@ -210,12 +213,12 @@ export function useVoiceConversation({
       setStatus('listening')
       turnTimeoutRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => void handleTurn(), 60_000)
     } catch (error) {
-      notifyError(error, 'Could not start voice session')
+      notifyError(error, voiceCopy.couldNotStartSession)
       pendingStartRef.current = false
       setStatus('idle')
       onFatalError?.()
     }
-  }, [handle, handleTurn, onFatalError])
+  }, [handle, handleTurn, onFatalError, voiceCopy.couldNotStartSession, voiceCopy.microphoneFailed])
 
   const speak = useCallback(async (text: string) => {
     setStatus('speaking')
@@ -223,7 +226,7 @@ export function useVoiceConversation({
     try {
       await playSpeechText(text, { source: 'voice-conversation' })
     } catch (error) {
-      notifyError(error, 'Voice playback failed')
+      notifyError(error, voiceCopy.playbackFailed)
     } finally {
       if (enabledRef.current) {
         pendingStartRef.current = true
@@ -232,14 +235,14 @@ export function useVoiceConversation({
         setStatus('idle')
       }
     }
-  }, [])
+  }, [voiceCopy.playbackFailed])
 
   const start = useCallback(async () => {
     if (!onTranscribeAudio) {
       notify({
         kind: 'warning',
-        title: 'Voice unavailable',
-        message: 'Configure speech-to-text to use voice mode.'
+        title: voiceCopy.unavailable,
+        message: voiceCopy.configureSpeechToText
       })
       onFatalError?.()
 
@@ -252,7 +255,7 @@ export function useVoiceConversation({
     consumePendingResponse()
     pendingStartRef.current = true
     await startListening()
-  }, [consumePendingResponse, onFatalError, onTranscribeAudio, startListening])
+  }, [consumePendingResponse, onFatalError, onTranscribeAudio, startListening, voiceCopy.configureSpeechToText, voiceCopy.unavailable])
 
   const end = useCallback(async () => {
     pendingStartRef.current = false

apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-recorder.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
 
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
 
 import type { VoiceActivityState, VoiceStatus } from '../types'
@@ -19,7 +20,9 @@ export function useVoiceRecorder({
   focusInput,
   onTranscript
 }: VoiceRecorderOptions) {
-  const { handle, level, recording } = useMicRecorder()
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const voiceCopy = t.notifications.voice
+  const { handle, level, recording } = useMicRecorder(voiceCopy)
   const [voiceStatus, setVoiceStatus] = useState<VoiceStatus>('idle')
   const [elapsedSeconds, setElapsedSeconds] = useState(0)
   const startedAtRef = useRef(0)
@@ -62,12 +65,12 @@ export function useVoiceRecorder({
       const transcript = (await onTranscribeAudio(result.audio)).trim()
 
       if (!transcript) {
-        notify({ kind: 'warning', title: 'No speech detected', message: 'Try recording again.' })
+        notify({ kind: 'warning', title: voiceCopy.noSpeechDetected, message: voiceCopy.tryRecordingAgain })
       } else {
         onTranscript(transcript)
       }
     } catch (error) {
-      notifyError(error, 'Voice transcription failed')
+      notifyError(error, voiceCopy.transcriptionFailed)
     } finally {
       setVoiceStatus('idle')
       focusInput()
@@ -76,13 +79,13 @@ export function useVoiceRecorder({
 
   const start = async () => {
     if (!onTranscribeAudio) {
-      notify({ kind: 'warning', title: 'Voice unavailable', message: 'Voice transcription is not available yet.' })
+      notify({ kind: 'warning', title: voiceCopy.unavailable, message: voiceCopy.transcriptionUnavailable })
 
       return
     }
 
     try {
-      await handle.start({ onError: error => notifyError(error, 'Voice recording failed') })
+      await handle.start({ onError: error => notifyError(error, voiceCopy.recordingFailed) })
       startedAtRef.current = Date.now()
       setElapsedSeconds(0)
       setVoiceStatus('recording')
@@ -91,7 +94,7 @@ export function useVoiceRecorder({
       timeoutRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => void stop(), cap * 1000)
     } catch (error) {
       setVoiceStatus('idle')
-      notifyError(error, 'Voice recording failed')
+      notifyError(error, voiceCopy.recordingFailed)
     }
   }
 

apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/index.tsx

@@ -1531,7 +1531,7 @@ export function ChatBar({
                 {queueEdit && editingQueuedPrompt && (
                   <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 rounded-lg border border-[color-mix(in_srgb,var(--dt-composer-ring)_32%,transparent)] bg-accent/18 px-2 py-1">
                     <div className="min-w-0 text-[0.7rem] text-muted-foreground/88">
-                      Editing queued turn in composer
+                      {t.composer.editingQueuedInComposer}
                     </div>
                     <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1">
                       <Button
@@ -1540,14 +1540,14 @@ export function ChatBar({
                         type="button"
                         variant="ghost"
                       >
-                        Cancel
+                        {t.common.cancel}
                       </Button>
                       <Button
                         className="h-6 rounded-md px-2 text-[0.68rem]"
                         onClick={() => exitQueuedEdit('save')}
                         type="button"
                       >
-                        Save
+                        {t.common.save}
                       </Button>
                     </div>
                   </div>

apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.test.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import { cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { I18nProvider } from '@/i18n'
+
+import { ComposerTriggerPopover } from './trigger-popover'
+
+function renderPopover(kind: '@' | '/', loading = false) {
+  const onHover = vi.fn()
+  const onPick = vi.fn()
+
+  const rendered = render(
+    <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="zh">
+      <ComposerTriggerPopover activeIndex={0} items={[]} kind={kind} loading={loading} onHover={onHover} onPick={onPick} />
+    </I18nProvider>
+  )
+
+  return { ...rendered, onHover, onPick }
+}
+
+describe('ComposerTriggerPopover i18n', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+  })
+
+  it('renders localized empty lookup copy for @ references', () => {
+    const { container } = renderPopover('@')
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('没有匹配项。')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('试试')
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('@file:')
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('或')
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('@folder:')
+  })
+
+  it('renders localized loading copy for slash commands', () => {
+    const { container } = renderPopover('/', true)
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('查找中…')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('/help')
+  })
+})

apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import type { Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
 
 import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 
 import {
@@ -60,6 +61,9 @@ export function ComposerTriggerPopover({
   onPick,
   placement = 'top'
 }: ComposerTriggerPopoverProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.composer
+
   return (
     <div
       className={placement === 'bottom' ? COMPLETION_DRAWER_BELOW_CLASS : COMPLETION_DRAWER_CLASS}
@@ -69,15 +73,15 @@ export function ComposerTriggerPopover({
       role="listbox"
     >
       {items.length === 0 ? (
-        <CompletionDrawerEmpty title={loading ? 'Looking up…' : 'No matches.'}>
+        <CompletionDrawerEmpty title={loading ? copy.lookupLoading : copy.lookupNoMatches}>
           {kind === '@' ? (
             <>
-              Try <span className="font-mono text-foreground/80">@file:</span> or{' '}
+              {copy.lookupTry} <span className="font-mono text-foreground/80">@file:</span> {copy.lookupOr}{' '}
               <span className="font-mono text-foreground/80">@folder:</span>.
             </>
           ) : (
             <>
-              Try <span className="font-mono text-foreground/80">/help</span>.
+              {copy.lookupTry} <span className="font-mono text-foreground/80">/help</span>.
             </>
           )}
         </CompletionDrawerEmpty>

apps/desktop/src/app/chat/hooks/use-composer-actions.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { useCallback } from 'react'
 
 import { requestComposerFocus, requestComposerInsert } from '@/app/chat/composer/focus'
 import { formatRefValue } from '@/components/assistant-ui/directive-text'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { attachmentId, contextPath, pathLabel } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
 import {
   addComposerAttachment,
@@ -193,9 +194,11 @@ const attachToMain = (attachment: ComposerAttachment) => {
 }
 
 export function useComposerActions({ activeSessionId, currentCwd, requestGateway }: ComposerActionsOptions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.desktop
   const addTextToDraft = useCallback((text: string) => {
     requestComposerInsert(text, { mode: 'block' })
-  }, [])
+  }, [copy.imagePreviewFailed])
 
   const addTerminalSelectionAttachment = useCallback((text: string, label = 'selection') => {
     const trimmed = text.trim()
@@ -300,7 +303,7 @@ export function useComposerActions({ activeSessionId, currentCwd, requestGateway
 
       return true
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, 'Image preview failed')
+      notifyError(err, copy.imagePreviewFailed)
 
       return true
     }
@@ -322,28 +325,28 @@ export function useComposerActions({ activeSessionId, currentCwd, requestGateway
         const savedPath = await window.hermesDesktop?.saveImageBuffer(data, blobExtension(blob))
 
         if (!savedPath) {
-          notify({ kind: 'error', title: 'Image attach', message: 'Failed to write image to disk.' })
+          notify({ kind: 'error', title: copy.imageAttach, message: copy.imageWriteFailed })
 
           return false
         }
 
         return attachImagePath(savedPath)
       } catch (err) {
-        notifyError(err, 'Image attach failed')
+        notifyError(err, copy.imageAttachFailed)
 
         return false
       }
     },
-    [attachImagePath]
+    [attachImagePath, copy.imageAttach, copy.imageAttachFailed, copy.imageWriteFailed]
   )
 
   const pickImages = useCallback(async () => {
     const paths = await window.hermesDesktop?.selectPaths({
-      title: 'Attach images',
+      title: copy.attachImages,
       defaultPath: currentCwd || undefined,
       filters: [
         {
-          name: 'Images',
+          name: t.composer.images,
           extensions: ['png', 'jpg', 'jpeg', 'gif', 'webp', 'bmp', 'tiff']
         }
       ]
@@ -356,7 +359,7 @@ export function useComposerActions({ activeSessionId, currentCwd, requestGateway
     for (const path of paths) {
       await attachImagePath(path)
     }
-  }, [attachImagePath, currentCwd])
+  }, [attachImagePath, copy.attachImages, currentCwd, t.composer.images])
 
   const pasteClipboardImage = useCallback(async () => {
     try {
@@ -365,8 +368,8 @@ export function useComposerActions({ activeSessionId, currentCwd, requestGateway
       if (!path) {
         notify({
           kind: 'warning',
-          title: 'Clipboard',
-          message: 'No image found in clipboard'
+          title: copy.clipboard,
+          message: copy.noClipboardImage
         })
 
         return
@@ -374,9 +377,9 @@ export function useComposerActions({ activeSessionId, currentCwd, requestGateway
 
       await attachImagePath(path)
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, 'Clipboard paste failed')
+      notifyError(err, copy.clipboardPasteFailed)
     }
-  }, [attachImagePath])
+  }, [attachImagePath, copy.clipboard, copy.clipboardPasteFailed, copy.noClipboardImage])
 
   const attachContextFolderPath = useCallback(
     (folderPath: string) => {
@@ -477,12 +480,12 @@ export function useComposerActions({ activeSessionId, currentCwd, requestGateway
       }
 
       if (!attached && lastFailure) {
-        notify({ kind: 'warning', title: 'Drop files', message: lastFailure })
+        notify({ kind: 'warning', title: copy.dropFiles, message: lastFailure })
       }
 
       return attached
     },
-    [attachContextFilePath, attachContextFolderPath, attachImageBlob, attachImagePath]
+    [attachContextFilePath, attachContextFolderPath, attachImageBlob, attachImagePath, copy.dropFiles]
   )
 
   const removeAttachment = useCallback(

apps/desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-console.tsx

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react'
 import { requestComposerInsert } from '@/app/chat/composer/focus'
 import { CopyButton } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
 import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { PanelBottom, Send, Trash2 } from '@/lib/icons'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 import { notify } from '@/store/notifications'
@@ -74,6 +75,9 @@ interface ConsoleRowProps {
 }
 
 function ConsoleRow({ copyText, log, onSend, onToggleSelect, selected }: ConsoleRowProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.preview.console
+
   return (
     <div
       className={cn(
@@ -81,7 +85,7 @@ function ConsoleRow({ copyText, log, onSend, onToggleSelect, selected }: Console
         selected && 'border-border/60 bg-accent/40'
       )}
     >
-      <Tip label={selected ? 'Deselect entry' : 'Select entry'}>
+      <Tip label={selected ? copy.deselect : copy.select}>
         <button
           className={cn(
             'mt-0.5 text-left uppercase opacity-70 transition-colors hover:opacity-100',
@@ -108,13 +112,13 @@ function ConsoleRow({ copyText, log, onSend, onToggleSelect, selected }: Console
         <CopyButton
           appearance="inline"
           className="rounded-md p-1 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
-          errorMessage="Could not copy console output"
+          errorMessage={copy.copyFailed}
           iconClassName="size-3"
-          label="Copy this entry"
+          label={copy.copyEntry}
           showLabel={false}
           text={copyText}
         />
-        <Tip label="Send this entry to chat">
+        <Tip label={copy.sendEntry}>
           <button
             className="rounded-md p-1 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
             onClick={onSend}
@@ -129,12 +133,13 @@ function ConsoleRow({ copyText, log, onSend, onToggleSelect, selected }: Console
 }
 
 export function PreviewConsoleTitlebarIcon({ consoleState }: { consoleState: PreviewConsoleState }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const logCount = useStore(consoleState.$logCount)
 
   return (
     <>
       <PanelBottom />
-      {logCount > 0 && <span className="sr-only">{logCount} console messages</span>}
+      {logCount > 0 && <span className="sr-only">{t.preview.console.messages(logCount)}</span>}
     </>
   )
 }
@@ -152,6 +157,8 @@ export function PreviewConsolePanel({
   consoleState,
   startConsoleResize
 }: PreviewConsolePanelProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.preview.console
   const consoleHeight = useStore(consoleState.$height)
   const logs = useStore(consoleState.$logs)
   const selectedLogIds = useStore(consoleState.$selectedLogIds)
@@ -188,14 +195,14 @@ export function PreviewConsolePanel({
       return
     }
 
-    const block = ['Preview console:', '```', ...entries.map(formatLogLine), '```'].join('\n')
+    const block = [copy.promptHeader, '```', ...entries.map(formatLogLine), '```'].join('\n')
 
     requestComposerInsert(block, { mode: 'block', target: 'main' })
     consoleState.clearSelection()
     notify({
       kind: 'success',
-      title: 'Sent to chat',
-      message: `${entries.length} log entr${entries.length === 1 ? 'y' : 'ies'} added to composer`
+      title: copy.sentTitle,
+      message: copy.sentMessage(entries.length)
     })
   }
 
@@ -205,7 +212,7 @@ export function PreviewConsolePanel({
       style={{ '--preview-console-height': `${consoleHeight}px` } as CSSProperties}
     >
       <div
-        aria-label="Resize preview console"
+        aria-label={copy.resize}
         className="group absolute inset-x-0 -top-1 z-1 h-2 cursor-row-resize"
         onDoubleClick={() => consoleState.setHeight(CONSOLE_HEADER_HEIGHT)}
         onPointerDown={startConsoleResize}
@@ -216,10 +223,10 @@ export function PreviewConsolePanel({
       <div className="flex h-8 shrink-0 items-center justify-between border-b border-border/50 px-2">
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-[0.6875rem] font-medium text-muted-foreground">
           <PanelBottom className="size-3.5" />
-          Preview Console
+          {copy.title}
           {selectedLogIds.size > 0 && (
             <span className="rounded-full bg-muted px-1.5 py-px text-[0.5625rem] text-muted-foreground">
-              {selectedLogIds.size} selected
+              {copy.selected(selectedLogIds.size)}
             </span>
           )}
         </div>
@@ -231,18 +238,18 @@ export function PreviewConsolePanel({
             type="button"
           >
             <Send className="size-3" />
-            Send to chat
+            {copy.sendToChat}
           </button>
           <CopyButton
             appearance="inline"
             className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 rounded-md px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[0.625rem] text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-40"
             disabled={sendableLogs.length === 0}
-            errorMessage="Could not copy console output"
+            errorMessage={copy.copyFailed}
             iconClassName="size-3"
-            label={visibleSelection.length > 0 ? 'Copy selected to clipboard' : 'Copy all to clipboard'}
+            label={visibleSelection.length > 0 ? copy.copySelected : copy.copyAll}
             text={() => formatConsoleEntries(sendableLogs)}
           >
-            Copy
+            {copy.copy}
           </CopyButton>
           <button
             className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 rounded-md px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[0.625rem] text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-40"
@@ -251,7 +258,7 @@ export function PreviewConsolePanel({
             type="button"
           >
             <Trash2 className="size-3" />
-            Clear
+            {copy.clear}
           </button>
         </div>
       </div>
@@ -275,7 +282,7 @@ export function PreviewConsolePanel({
             )
           })
         ) : (
-          <div className="py-2 text-muted-foreground/70">No console messages yet.</div>
+          <div className="py-2 text-muted-foreground/70">{copy.empty}</div>
         )}
       </div>
     </div>

apps/desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-file.tsx

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import { Streamdown } from 'streamdown'
 
 import { HERMES_PATHS_MIME } from '@/app/chat/hooks/use-composer-actions'
 import { PageLoader } from '@/components/page-loader'
+import { translateNow, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 import type { PreviewTarget } from '@/store/preview'
 
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ function filePathForTarget(target: PreviewTarget) {
 
 function formatBytes(bytes: number | undefined) {
   if (!bytes) {
-    return 'unknown size'
+    return translateNow('preview.unknownSize')
   }
 
   const units = ['B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB']
@@ -296,6 +297,8 @@ function MarkdownPreview({ text }: { text: string }) {
 }
 
 function PreviewToggle({ asSource, onToggle }: { asSource: boolean; onToggle: () => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
   return (
     <div className="sticky top-0 z-10 flex justify-end border-b border-border/40 bg-transparent px-3 py-1 backdrop-blur">
       <button
@@ -303,7 +306,7 @@ function PreviewToggle({ asSource, onToggle }: { asSource: boolean; onToggle: ()
         onClick={onToggle}
         type="button"
       >
-        {asSource ? 'PREVIEW' : 'SOURCE'}
+        {asSource ? t.preview.renderedPreview : t.preview.source}
       </button>
     </div>
   )
@@ -330,6 +333,7 @@ function startLineDrag(event: ReactDragEvent<HTMLElement>, filePath: string, { e
 }
 
 function SourceView({ filePath, language, text }: { filePath: string; language: string; text: string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const lineCount = useMemo(() => Math.max(1, text.split('\n').length), [text])
   const [selection, setSelection] = useState<LineSelection | null>(null)
   const inSelection = (line: number) => selection != null && line >= selection.start && line <= selection.end
@@ -373,7 +377,7 @@ function SourceView({ filePath, language, text }: { filePath: string; language:
               key={line}
               onClick={event => handleLineClick(event, line)}
               onDragStart={event => handleDragStart(event, line)}
-              title="Click to select · shift-click to extend · drag to composer"
+              title={t.preview.sourceLineTitle}
             >
               {line}
             </div>
@@ -408,6 +412,7 @@ function SourceView({ filePath, language, text }: { filePath: string; language:
 }
 
 export function LocalFilePreview({ reloadKey, target }: { reloadKey: number; target: PreviewTarget }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const [state, setState] = useState<LocalPreviewState>({ loading: true })
   const [forcePreview, setForcePreview] = useState(false)
   const [renderMarkdownAsSource, setRenderMarkdownAsSource] = useState(false)
@@ -482,11 +487,11 @@ export function LocalFilePreview({ reloadKey, target }: { reloadKey: number; tar
   }, [blockedByTarget, filePath, forcePreview, isImage, isText, reloadKey, target.language])
 
   if (state.loading) {
-    return <PageLoader label="Loading preview" />
+    return <PageLoader label={t.preview.loading} />
   }
 
   if (state.error) {
-    return <PreviewEmptyState body={state.error} title="Preview unavailable" />
+    return <PreviewEmptyState body={state.error} title={t.preview.unavailable} />
   }
 
   if (
@@ -501,11 +506,11 @@ export function LocalFilePreview({ reloadKey, target }: { reloadKey: number; tar
       <PreviewEmptyState
         body={
           binary
-            ? `Previewing ${target.label} may show unreadable text.`
-            : `${target.label} is ${formatBytes(size)}. Hermes will only show the first 512 KB.`
+            ? t.preview.binaryBody(target.label)
+            : t.preview.largeBody(target.label, formatBytes(size))
         }
-        primaryAction={{ label: 'Preview anyway', onClick: () => setForcePreview(true) }}
-        title={binary ? 'This looks like a binary file' : 'This file is large'}
+        primaryAction={{ label: t.preview.previewAnyway, onClick: () => setForcePreview(true) }}
+        title={binary ? t.preview.binaryTitle : t.preview.largeTitle}
         tone="warning"
       />
     )
@@ -532,7 +537,7 @@ export function LocalFilePreview({ reloadKey, target }: { reloadKey: number; tar
       <div className="h-full overflow-auto bg-transparent">
         {state.truncated && (
           <div className="border-b border-border/60 bg-muted/35 px-3 py-1.5 text-[0.68rem] text-muted-foreground">
-            Showing first 512 KB.
+            {t.preview.truncated}
           </div>
         )}
         {isMarkdown && <PreviewToggle asSource={!showRendered} onToggle={() => setRenderMarkdownAsSource(s => !s)} />}
@@ -547,8 +552,8 @@ export function LocalFilePreview({ reloadKey, target }: { reloadKey: number; tar
 
   return (
     <PreviewEmptyState
-      body={`${target.mimeType || 'This file type'} can still be attached as context.`}
-      title="No inline preview"
+      body={t.preview.noInlineBody(target.mimeType || '')}
+      title={t.preview.noInlineTitle}
     />
   )
 }

apps/desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview-pane.tsx

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
 
 import type { SetTitlebarToolGroup, TitlebarTool } from '@/app/shell/titlebar-controls'
 import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { type Translations, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { Bug } from '@/lib/icons'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
@@ -46,18 +47,18 @@ interface PreviewLoadErrorState {
 const FILE_RELOAD_DEBOUNCE_MS = 200
 const SERVER_RESTART_TIMEOUT_MS = 45_000
 
-function loadErrorTitle(error: PreviewLoadErrorState): string {
+function loadErrorTitle(error: PreviewLoadErrorState, copy: Translations['preview']['web']): string {
   const description = error.description.toLowerCase()
 
   if (description.includes('module script') || description.includes('mime type')) {
-    return 'Preview app failed to boot'
+    return copy.appFailedToBoot
   }
 
   if (description.includes('connection') || description.includes('refused') || description.includes('not found')) {
-    return 'Server not found'
+    return copy.serverNotFound
   }
 
-  return 'Preview failed to load'
+  return copy.failedToLoad
 }
 
 function isModuleMimeError(message: string): boolean {
@@ -79,6 +80,9 @@ function PreviewLoadError({
   onRetry: () => void
   restarting?: boolean
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.preview.web
+
   return (
     <PreviewEmptyState
       body={
@@ -98,17 +102,17 @@ function PreviewLoadError({
         </>
       }
       consoleHeight={consoleHeight}
-      primaryAction={{ label: 'Try again', onClick: onRetry }}
+      primaryAction={{ label: copy.tryAgain, onClick: onRetry }}
       secondaryAction={
         onRestartServer
           ? {
               disabled: restarting,
-              label: restarting ? 'Hermes is restarting...' : 'Ask Hermes to restart the server',
+              label: restarting ? copy.restarting : copy.askRestart,
               onClick: onRestartServer
             }
           : undefined
       }
-      title={loadErrorTitle(error)}
+      title={loadErrorTitle(error, copy)}
     />
   )
 }
@@ -122,6 +126,8 @@ export function PreviewPane({
   setTitlebarToolGroup,
   target
 }: PreviewPaneProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.preview.web
   const [consoleState] = useState(() => createPreviewConsoleState())
   const consoleBodyRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null)
   const consoleShouldStickRef = useRef(true)
@@ -239,23 +245,23 @@ export function PreviewPane({
 
       appendConsoleEntry({
         level: 1,
-        message: `Hermes is looking for a preview server to restart (${taskId})`
+        message: copy.lookingRestart(taskId)
       })
 
       notify({
         kind: 'info',
-        title: 'Restarting preview server',
-        message: 'Hermes is working in the background. Watch the preview console for progress.',
+        title: copy.restartingTitle,
+        message: copy.restartingMessage,
         durationMs: 4000
       })
     } catch (error) {
       appendConsoleEntry({
         level: 2,
-        message: `Could not start server restart: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`
+        message: copy.startRestartFailed(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error))
       })
-      notifyError(error, 'Server restart failed')
+      notifyError(error, copy.restartFailed)
     }
-  }, [appendConsoleEntry, consoleState, currentUrl, onRestartServer])
+  }, [appendConsoleEntry, consoleState, copy, currentUrl, onRestartServer])
 
   const toggleDevTools = useCallback(() => {
     const webview = webviewRef.current
@@ -287,14 +293,14 @@ export function PreviewPane({
               active: consoleOpen,
               icon: <PreviewConsoleTitlebarIcon consoleState={consoleState} />,
               id: `${TITLEBAR_GROUP_ID}-console`,
-              label: consoleOpen ? 'Hide preview console' : 'Show preview console',
+              label: consoleOpen ? copy.hideConsole : copy.showConsole,
               onSelect: () => consoleState.setOpen(open => !open)
             },
             {
               active: devtoolsOpen,
               icon: <Bug />,
               id: `${TITLEBAR_GROUP_ID}-devtools`,
-              label: devtoolsOpen ? 'Hide preview DevTools' : 'Open preview DevTools',
+              label: devtoolsOpen ? copy.hideDevTools : copy.openDevTools,
               onSelect: toggleDevTools
             }
           ]
@@ -304,7 +310,7 @@ export function PreviewPane({
     setTitlebarToolGroup(TITLEBAR_GROUP_ID, tools)
 
     return () => setTitlebarToolGroup(TITLEBAR_GROUP_ID, [])
-  }, [consoleOpen, consoleState, devtoolsOpen, isWebPreview, setTitlebarToolGroup, toggleDevTools])
+  }, [consoleOpen, consoleState, copy, devtoolsOpen, isWebPreview, setTitlebarToolGroup, toggleDevTools])
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!consoleOpen) {
@@ -343,29 +349,27 @@ export function PreviewPane({
         previewServerRestart.status === 'running'
           ? previewServerRestart.message
           : previewServerRestart.status === 'complete'
-            ? `Hermes finished restarting the preview server${
-                previewServerRestart.message ? `: ${previewServerRestart.message}` : ''
-              }`
-            : `Server restart failed: ${previewServerRestart.message || 'unknown error'}`
+            ? copy.finishedRestarting(previewServerRestart.message)
+            : copy.failedRestarting(previewServerRestart.message || copy.unknownError)
     })
 
     if (previewServerRestart.status === 'complete') {
       reloadPreview()
       notify({
         kind: 'success',
-        title: 'Preview server restarted',
-        message: previewServerRestart.message?.slice(0, 160) || 'Reloading the preview now.',
+        title: copy.restartedTitle,
+        message: previewServerRestart.message?.slice(0, 160) || copy.reloadingNow,
         durationMs: 3500
       })
     } else if (previewServerRestart.status === 'error') {
       notify({
         kind: 'warning',
-        title: 'Preview restart failed',
-        message: previewServerRestart.message?.slice(0, 200) || 'Hermes could not restart the server.',
+        title: copy.restartFailedTitle,
+        message: previewServerRestart.message?.slice(0, 200) || copy.restartFailedMessage,
         durationMs: 6000
       })
     }
-  }, [appendConsoleEntry, currentUrl, previewServerRestart, reloadPreview, target.url])
+  }, [appendConsoleEntry, copy, currentUrl, previewServerRestart, reloadPreview, target.url])
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!restartingServer || !previewServerRestart) {
@@ -375,14 +379,11 @@ export function PreviewPane({
     const taskId = previewServerRestart.taskId
 
     const timer = window.setTimeout(() => {
-      failPreviewServerRestart(
-        taskId,
-        'Hermes is still working, but no restart result has arrived yet. The server command may be running in the foreground.'
-      )
+      failPreviewServerRestart(taskId, copy.stillWorking)
     }, SERVER_RESTART_TIMEOUT_MS)
 
     return () => window.clearTimeout(timer)
-  }, [previewServerRestart, restartingServer])
+  }, [copy.stillWorking, previewServerRestart, restartingServer])
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (reloadRequest === lastReloadRequestRef.current) {
@@ -397,10 +398,10 @@ export function PreviewPane({
 
     appendConsoleEntry({
       level: 1,
-      message: 'Workspace changed, reloading preview'
+      message: copy.workspaceReloading
     })
     reloadPreview()
-  }, [appendConsoleEntry, reloadPreview, reloadRequest, target.kind])
+  }, [appendConsoleEntry, copy.workspaceReloading, reloadPreview, reloadRequest, target.kind])
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (
@@ -432,8 +433,8 @@ export function PreviewPane({
         level: 1,
         message:
           changedCount === 1
-            ? `File changed, reloading preview: ${compactUrl(changedUrl)}`
-            : `${changedCount} file changes, reloading preview: ${compactUrl(changedUrl)}`
+            ? copy.fileChanged(compactUrl(changedUrl))
+            : copy.filesChanged(changedCount, compactUrl(changedUrl))
       })
 
       reloadPreview()
@@ -471,7 +472,7 @@ export function PreviewPane({
       .catch(error => {
         appendConsoleEntry({
           level: 2,
-          message: `Could not watch preview file: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`
+          message: copy.watchFailed(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error))
         })
       })
 
@@ -487,7 +488,7 @@ export function PreviewPane({
         void window.hermesDesktop?.stopPreviewFileWatch?.(watchId)
       }
     }
-  }, [appendConsoleEntry, reloadPreview, target.kind, target.url])
+  }, [appendConsoleEntry, copy, reloadPreview, target.kind, target.url])
 
   useEffect(() => {
     const host = hostRef.current
@@ -535,8 +536,7 @@ export function PreviewPane({
 
       if ((detail.level ?? 0) >= 3 && isModuleMimeError(message)) {
         setLoadError({
-          description:
-            'Module scripts are being served with the wrong MIME type. This usually means a static file server is serving a Vite/React app instead of the project dev server.',
+          description: copy.moduleMimeDescription,
           url: webview.getURL?.() || target.url
         })
         setLoading(false)
@@ -567,13 +567,11 @@ export function PreviewPane({
 
       appendConsoleEntry({
         level: 3,
-        message: `Load failed${errorCode ? ` (${errorCode})` : ''}: ${
-          detail.errorDescription || detail.validatedURL || 'unknown error'
-        }`
+        message: copy.loadFailedConsole(errorCode, detail.errorDescription || detail.validatedURL || copy.unknownError)
       })
       setLoadError({
         code: errorCode,
-        description: detail.errorDescription || 'The preview page could not be reached.',
+        description: detail.errorDescription || copy.unreachableDescription,
         url: detail.validatedURL || webview.getURL?.() || target.url
       })
       setLoading(false)
@@ -600,7 +598,7 @@ export function PreviewPane({
       webview.removeEventListener('did-stop-loading', onStop)
       webview.remove()
     }
-  }, [appendConsoleEntry, consoleState, isWebPreview, target.url])
+  }, [appendConsoleEntry, consoleState, copy, isWebPreview, target.url])
 
   return (
     <aside className="relative flex h-full w-full min-w-0 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-transparent text-muted-foreground">
@@ -608,14 +606,14 @@ export function PreviewPane({
         {!embedded && (
           <div className="pointer-events-none flex min-h-(--titlebar-height) items-center gap-1.5 border-b border-border/60 bg-background px-2 py-1">
             <div className="min-w-0 flex-1">
-              <Tip label={`Open ${currentUrl}`}>
+              <Tip label={copy.openTarget(currentUrl)}>
                 <a
                   className="pointer-events-auto inline max-w-full truncate text-left text-xs font-medium text-foreground underline-offset-4 decoration-current/20 transition-colors hover:text-primary hover:underline"
                   href={currentUrl}
                   rel="noreferrer"
                   target="_blank"
                 >
-                  {previewLabel || 'Preview'}
+                  {previewLabel || copy.fallbackTitle}
                 </a>
               </Tip>
             </div>

apps/desktop/src/app/chat/right-rail/preview.tsx

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { useEffect, useMemo } from 'react'
 import type { SetTitlebarToolGroup } from '@/app/shell/titlebar-controls'
 import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
 import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { translateNow, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 import {
   $rightRailActiveTabId,
@@ -48,10 +49,11 @@ function tabLabelFor(target: PreviewTarget): string {
   const value = target.label || target.path || target.source || target.url
   const tail = value.split(/[\\/]/).filter(Boolean).at(-1)
 
-  return tail || value || 'Preview'
+  return tail || value || translateNow('preview.tab')
 }
 
 export function ChatPreviewRail({ onRestartServer, setTitlebarToolGroup }: ChatPreviewRailProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const previewReloadRequest = useStore($previewReloadRequest)
   const activeTabId = useStore($rightRailActiveTabId)
   const filePreviewTabs = useStore($filePreviewTabs)
@@ -59,10 +61,10 @@ export function ChatPreviewRail({ onRestartServer, setTitlebarToolGroup }: ChatP
 
   const tabs = useMemo<readonly RailTab[]>(
     () => [
-      ...(previewTarget ? [{ id: RIGHT_RAIL_PREVIEW_TAB_ID, label: 'Preview', target: previewTarget } as RailTab] : []),
+      ...(previewTarget ? [{ id: RIGHT_RAIL_PREVIEW_TAB_ID, label: t.preview.tab, target: previewTarget } as RailTab] : []),
       ...filePreviewTabs.map(({ id, target }) => ({ id, label: tabLabelFor(target), target }) as RailTab)
     ],
-    [filePreviewTabs, previewTarget]
+    [filePreviewTabs, previewTarget, t.preview.tab]
   )
 
   const activeTab = tabs.find(tab => tab.id === activeTabId) ?? tabs[0]
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ export function ChatPreviewRail({ onRestartServer, setTitlebarToolGroup }: ChatP
                   className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-y-0 right-0 w-9 bg-[linear-gradient(to_right,transparent,var(--tab-bg)_55%)] opacity-0 transition-opacity group-hover/tab:opacity-100 group-focus-within/tab:opacity-100"
                 />
                 <button
-                  aria-label={`Close ${tab.label}`}
+                  aria-label={t.preview.closeTab(tab.label)}
                   className="pointer-events-none absolute right-1.5 top-1/2 grid size-4 -translate-y-1/2 place-items-center rounded-sm text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-0 transition-[background-color,color,opacity] hover:bg-(--ui-bg-secondary) hover:text-foreground focus-visible:pointer-events-auto focus-visible:opacity-100 group-hover/tab:pointer-events-auto group-hover/tab:opacity-100 group-focus-within/tab:pointer-events-auto group-focus-within/tab:opacity-100"
                   onClick={() => closeRightRailTab(tab.id)}
                   type="button"
@@ -146,7 +148,7 @@ export function ChatPreviewRail({ onRestartServer, setTitlebarToolGroup }: ChatP
           })}
         </div>
         <button
-          aria-label="Close preview pane"
+          aria-label={t.preview.closePane}
           className="mr-1.5 grid size-6 shrink-0 self-center place-items-center rounded-md text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-0 transition-opacity hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground focus-visible:opacity-100 focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-sidebar-ring group-hover/rail-tabs:opacity-100 [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]"
           onClick={closeRightRail}
           type="button"

apps/desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/index.tsx

@@ -92,18 +92,18 @@ const NEW_SESSION_KBD: readonly string[] =
 const SIDEBAR_NAV: SidebarNavItem[] = [
   {
     id: 'new-session',
-    label: 'New session',
+    label: '',
     icon: props => <Codicon name="robot" {...props} />,
     action: 'new-session'
   },
   {
     id: 'skills',
-    label: 'Skills & Tools',
+    label: '',
     icon: props => <Codicon name="symbol-misc" {...props} />,
     route: SKILLS_ROUTE
   },
-  { id: 'messaging', label: 'Messaging', icon: props => <Codicon name="comment" {...props} />, route: MESSAGING_ROUTE },
-  { id: 'artifacts', label: 'Artifacts', icon: props => <Codicon name="files" {...props} />, route: ARTIFACTS_ROUTE }
+  { id: 'messaging', label: '', icon: props => <Codicon name="comment" {...props} />, route: MESSAGING_ROUTE },
+  { id: 'artifacts', label: '', icon: props => <Codicon name="files" {...props} />, route: ARTIFACTS_ROUTE }
 ]
 
 const WORKSPACE_PAGE = 5

apps/desktop/src/app/chat/sidebar/profile-switcher.tsx

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
 import { ContextMenu, ContextMenuContent, ContextMenuItem, ContextMenuTrigger } from '@/components/ui/context-menu'
 import { Popover, PopoverAnchor, PopoverContent } from '@/components/ui/popover'
 import { Tip, Tooltip, TooltipContent, TooltipProvider, TooltipTrigger } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
 import { PROFILE_SWATCHES, profileColorSoft, resolveProfileColor } from '@/lib/profile-color'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
@@ -84,6 +85,8 @@ const stepThroughCells: Modifier = ({ containerNodeRect, draggingNodeRect, trans
 // profile users see only the "+" (create their first profile); everything else
 // appears once a second profile exists.
 export function ProfileRail() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.profiles
   const profiles = useStore($profiles)
   const scope = useStore($profileScope)
   const gatewayProfile = useStore($activeGatewayProfile)
@@ -187,11 +190,11 @@ export function ProfileRail() {
           <ProfilePill
             active={isAll || onDefault}
             glyph={isAll ? 'layers' : 'home'}
-            label={onDefault ? 'Show all profiles' : `Switch to ${defaultProfile.name}`}
+            label={onDefault ? p.showAllProfiles : p.switchToProfile(defaultProfile.name)}
             onSelect={() => (onDefault ? setShowAllProfiles(true) : selectProfile(defaultProfile.name))}
           />
         ) : (
-          <ProfilePill active={isAll} glyph="layers" label="All profiles" onSelect={() => setShowAllProfiles(true)} />
+          <ProfilePill active={isAll} glyph="layers" label={p.allProfiles} onSelect={() => setShowAllProfiles(true)} />
         ))}
 
       {/* Single-profile: the active default's home icon next to the create +. */}
@@ -233,9 +236,9 @@ export function ProfileRail() {
           </DndContext>
         )}
 
-        <Tip label="New profile">
+        <Tip label={p.newProfile}>
           <button
-            aria-label="New profile"
+            aria-label={p.newProfile}
             className="grid size-5 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-[3px] text-(--ui-text-tertiary) opacity-55 transition hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground hover:opacity-100"
             onClick={() => setCreateOpen(true)}
             type="button"
@@ -246,7 +249,7 @@ export function ProfileRail() {
       </div>
 
       {multiProfile && (
-        <ProfilePill active={false} glyph="ellipsis" label="Manage profiles…" onSelect={() => navigate(PROFILES_ROUTE)} />
+        <ProfilePill active={false} glyph="ellipsis" label={p.manageProfiles} onSelect={() => navigate(PROFILES_ROUTE)} />
       )}
 
       {/* Land in the new profile on a fresh chat (selectProfile triggers the
@@ -328,6 +331,8 @@ const LONG_PRESS_MS = 450
 // context-menu triggers via nested asChild Slots, so a single element keeps the
 // dnd listeners, hover tip, and right-click menu.
 function ProfileSquare({ active, color, label, onDelete, onRecolor, onRename, onSelect }: ProfileSquareProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.profiles
   const hue = color ?? 'var(--ui-text-quaternary)'
   const [pickerOpen, setPickerOpen] = useState(false)
   const pressTimer = useRef<null | number>(null)
@@ -436,27 +441,27 @@ function ProfileSquare({ active, color, label, onDelete, onRecolor, onRename, on
         {/* The rail sits at the very bottom, so pad off the chrome (esp. the
             statusbar) — Radix then flips the menu up instead of squishing it. */}
         <ContextMenuContent
-          aria-label={`Actions for ${label}`}
+          aria-label={p.actionsFor(label)}
           className="w-40"
           collisionPadding={{ bottom: 44, left: 8, right: 8, top: 8 }}
         >
           <ContextMenuItem onSelect={() => setPickerOpen(true)}>
             <Codicon name="symbol-color" size="0.875rem" />
-            <span>Color…</span>
+            <span>{p.color}</span>
           </ContextMenuItem>
           <ContextMenuItem onSelect={onRename}>
             <Codicon name="edit" size="0.875rem" />
-            <span>Rename</span>
+            <span>{p.rename}</span>
           </ContextMenuItem>
           <ContextMenuItem className="text-destructive focus:text-destructive" onSelect={onDelete} variant="destructive">
             <Codicon name="trash" size="0.875rem" />
-            <span>Delete</span>
+            <span>{t.common.delete}</span>
           </ContextMenuItem>
         </ContextMenuContent>
       </ContextMenu>
 
       <PopoverContent
-        aria-label={`Color for ${label}`}
+        aria-label={p.colorFor(label)}
         className="w-auto p-2"
         collisionPadding={{ bottom: 44, left: 8, right: 8, top: 8 }}
         side="top"
@@ -464,7 +469,7 @@ function ProfileSquare({ active, color, label, onDelete, onRecolor, onRename, on
         <div className="grid grid-cols-6 gap-1.5">
           {PROFILE_SWATCHES.map(swatch => (
             <button
-              aria-label={`Set color ${swatch}`}
+              aria-label={p.setColor(swatch)}
               className="size-5 rounded-full transition-transform hover:scale-110"
               key={swatch}
               onClick={() => pickColor(swatch)}
@@ -483,7 +488,7 @@ function ProfileSquare({ active, color, label, onDelete, onRecolor, onRename, on
           type="button"
         >
           <Codicon name="sync" size="0.75rem" />
-          Auto
+          {p.autoColor}
         </button>
       </PopoverContent>
     </Popover>

apps/desktop/src/app/command-palette/index.tsx

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom'
 
 import { Command, CommandEmpty, CommandGroup, CommandInput, CommandItem, CommandList } from '@/components/ui/command'
 import { getHermesConfigRecord, listSessions } from '@/hermes'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { sessionTitle } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
 import {
   Activity,
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ import {
   SKILLS_ROUTE
 } from '../routes'
 import { FIELD_LABELS, SECTIONS } from '../settings/constants'
+import { fieldCopyForSchemaKey } from '../settings/field-copy'
 import { prettyName } from '../settings/helpers'
 
 interface PaletteItem {
@@ -92,48 +94,60 @@ const toSessionEntry = (session: SessionRow): SessionEntry => ({
   title: sessionTitle(session)
 })
 
-const NON_CONFIG_SETTINGS: ReadonlyArray<{ icon: IconComponent; keywords?: string[]; label: string; tab: string }> = [
+type NonConfigSettingsLabel =
+  | 'about'
+  | 'archivedChats'
+  | 'gateway'
+  | 'keysSettings'
+  | 'keysTools'
+  | 'mcp'
+  | 'providerAccounts'
+  | 'providerApiKeys'
+
+const NON_CONFIG_SETTINGS: ReadonlyArray<{
+  icon: IconComponent
+  keywords?: string[]
+  labelKey: NonConfigSettingsLabel
+  tab: string
+}> = [
   {
     icon: Zap,
     keywords: ['accounts', 'sign in', 'oauth', 'login', 'subscription', 'models', 'anthropic', 'openai'],
-    label: 'Providers',
+    labelKey: 'providerAccounts',
     tab: 'providers&pview=accounts'
   },
   {
     icon: KeyRound,
     keywords: ['providers', 'api key', 'keys', 'secrets', 'tokens'],
-    label: 'Provider API keys',
+    labelKey: 'providerApiKeys',
     tab: 'providers&pview=keys'
   },
-  { icon: Globe, keywords: ['connection', 'messaging'], label: 'Gateway', tab: 'gateway' },
+  { icon: Globe, keywords: ['connection', 'messaging'], labelKey: 'gateway', tab: 'gateway' },
   {
     icon: KeyRound,
     keywords: ['api', 'secrets', 'tokens', 'credentials', 'browser', 'search'],
-    label: 'Tools & Keys',
+    labelKey: 'keysTools',
     tab: 'keys&kview=tools'
   },
   {
     icon: Settings2,
     keywords: ['gateway', 'proxy', 'server', 'webhook', 'env'],
-    label: 'Tools & Keys settings',
+    labelKey: 'keysSettings',
     tab: 'keys&kview=settings'
   },
-  { icon: Wrench, keywords: ['servers', 'tools'], label: 'MCP', tab: 'mcp' },
-  { icon: Archive, keywords: ['history', 'archived'], label: 'Archived Chats', tab: 'sessions' },
-  { icon: Info, keywords: ['version', 'about'], label: 'About', tab: 'about' }
+  { icon: Wrench, keywords: ['servers', 'tools'], labelKey: 'mcp', tab: 'mcp' },
+  { icon: Archive, keywords: ['history', 'archived'], labelKey: 'archivedChats', tab: 'sessions' },
+  { icon: Info, keywords: ['version', 'about'], labelKey: 'about', tab: 'about' }
 ]
 
-const THEME_MODES: ReadonlyArray<{ icon: IconComponent; label: string; mode: ThemeMode }> = [
-  { icon: Sun, label: 'Light', mode: 'light' },
-  { icon: Moon, label: 'Dark', mode: 'dark' },
-  { icon: Monitor, label: 'System', mode: 'system' }
+const THEME_MODES: ReadonlyArray<{ icon: IconComponent; mode: ThemeMode }> = [
+  { icon: Sun, mode: 'light' },
+  { icon: Moon, mode: 'dark' },
+  { icon: Monitor, mode: 'system' }
 ]
 
-function fieldLabel(key: string): string {
-  return FIELD_LABELS[key] ?? prettyName(key.split('.').pop() ?? key)
-}
-
 export function CommandPalette() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const open = useStore($commandPaletteOpen)
   const navigate = useNavigate()
   const { availableThemes, mode, resolvedMode, setMode, setTheme, themeName } = useTheme()
@@ -180,52 +194,64 @@ export function CommandPalette() {
   }, [open])
 
   const go = useCallback((path: string) => () => navigate(path), [navigate])
+  const settingsSectionLabel = useCallback(
+    (section: (typeof SECTIONS)[number]) => t.settings.sections[section.id] ?? section.label,
+    [t.settings.sections]
+  )
+  const configFieldLabel = useCallback(
+    (key: string) =>
+      fieldCopyForSchemaKey(t.settings.fieldLabels, key) ??
+      fieldCopyForSchemaKey(FIELD_LABELS, key) ??
+      prettyName(key.split('.').pop() ?? key),
+    [t.settings.fieldLabels]
+  )
 
   const baseGroups = useMemo<PaletteGroup[]>(() => {
     const settingsTab = (tab: string) => `${SETTINGS_ROUTE}?tab=${tab}`
+    const cc = t.commandCenter
 
     return [
       {
-        heading: 'Go to',
+        heading: cc.goTo,
         items: [
-          { icon: Plus, id: 'nav-new', keywords: ['chat', 'create'], label: 'New session', run: go(NEW_CHAT_ROUTE) },
-          { icon: Settings, id: 'nav-settings', label: 'Settings', run: go(SETTINGS_ROUTE) },
+          { icon: Plus, id: 'nav-new', keywords: ['chat', 'create'], label: cc.nav.newChat.title, run: go(NEW_CHAT_ROUTE) },
+          { icon: Settings, id: 'nav-settings', label: cc.nav.settings.title, run: go(SETTINGS_ROUTE) },
           {
             icon: Wrench,
             id: 'nav-skills',
             keywords: ['tools', 'toolsets'],
-            label: 'Skills & Tools',
+            label: cc.nav.skills.title,
             run: go(SKILLS_ROUTE)
           },
-          { icon: MessageCircle, id: 'nav-messaging', label: 'Messaging', run: go(MESSAGING_ROUTE) },
-          { icon: Package, id: 'nav-artifacts', label: 'Artifacts', run: go(ARTIFACTS_ROUTE) },
-          { icon: Clock, id: 'nav-cron', keywords: ['schedule', 'jobs'], label: 'Cron', run: go(CRON_ROUTE) },
-          { icon: Users, id: 'nav-profiles', label: 'Profiles', run: go(PROFILES_ROUTE) },
-          { icon: Cpu, id: 'nav-agents', label: 'Agents', run: go(AGENTS_ROUTE) }
+          { icon: MessageCircle, id: 'nav-messaging', label: cc.nav.messaging.title, run: go(MESSAGING_ROUTE) },
+          { icon: Package, id: 'nav-artifacts', label: cc.nav.artifacts.title, run: go(ARTIFACTS_ROUTE) },
+          { icon: Clock, id: 'nav-cron', keywords: ['schedule', 'jobs'], label: t.shell.statusbar.cron, run: go(CRON_ROUTE) },
+          { icon: Users, id: 'nav-profiles', label: t.profiles.title, run: go(PROFILES_ROUTE) },
+          { icon: Cpu, id: 'nav-agents', label: t.agents.title, run: go(AGENTS_ROUTE) }
         ]
       },
       {
-        heading: 'Command Center',
+        heading: cc.commandCenter,
         items: [
           {
             icon: Archive,
             id: 'cc-sessions',
             keywords: ['command center', 'sessions', 'pin'],
-            label: 'Sessions',
+            label: cc.sections.sessions,
             run: go(`${COMMAND_CENTER_ROUTE}?section=sessions`)
           },
           {
             icon: Activity,
             id: 'cc-system',
             keywords: ['command center', 'system', 'status', 'logs'],
-            label: 'System',
+            label: cc.sections.system,
             run: go(`${COMMAND_CENTER_ROUTE}?section=system`)
           },
           {
             icon: BarChart3,
             id: 'cc-usage',
             keywords: ['command center', 'usage', 'tokens', 'cost'],
-            label: 'Usage',
+            label: cc.sections.usage,
             run: go(`${COMMAND_CENTER_ROUTE}?section=usage`)
           }
         ]
@@ -234,45 +260,45 @@ export function CommandPalette() {
         // Declared before Settings: cmdk keeps group order, so this keeps the
         // theme/mode pickers on top for "theme"/"color" queries instead of
         // buried under a fuzzy Settings match.
-        heading: 'Appearance',
+        heading: cc.appearance,
         items: [
           {
             icon: Palette,
             id: 'appearance-theme',
             keywords: ['theme', 'appearance', 'color', 'palette', 'skin', 'dark', 'light', 'look'],
-            label: 'Change theme…',
+            label: cc.changeTheme,
             to: 'theme'
           },
           {
             icon: Sun,
             id: 'appearance-mode',
             keywords: ['appearance', 'color mode', 'brightness', 'dark', 'light', 'system'],
-            label: 'Change color mode…',
+            label: cc.changeColorMode,
             to: 'color-mode'
           }
         ]
       },
       {
-        heading: 'Settings',
+        heading: cc.settings,
         items: [
           ...SECTIONS.map(section => ({
             icon: section.icon,
             id: `set-config-${section.id}`,
-            keywords: ['settings', section.label],
-            label: section.label,
+            keywords: ['settings', section.label, settingsSectionLabel(section)],
+            label: settingsSectionLabel(section),
             run: go(settingsTab(`config:${section.id}`))
           })),
           ...NON_CONFIG_SETTINGS.map(entry => ({
             icon: entry.icon,
             id: `set-${entry.tab}`,
             keywords: ['settings', ...(entry.keywords ?? [])],
-            label: entry.label,
+            label: t.settings.nav[entry.labelKey],
             run: go(settingsTab(entry.tab))
           }))
         ]
       }
     ]
-  }, [go])
+  }, [go, settingsSectionLabel, t])
 
   // The long, granular lists (settings fields, API keys, MCP servers, archived
   // chats) only surface once the user types — otherwise they'd bury the
@@ -286,7 +312,7 @@ export function CommandPalette() {
 
     if (sessions.length > 0) {
       result.push({
-        heading: 'Sessions',
+        heading: t.commandCenter.sections.sessions,
         items: sessions.map(session => ({
           icon: MessageCircle,
           id: `session-${session.id}`,
@@ -301,17 +327,17 @@ export function CommandPalette() {
       section.keys.map(key => ({
         icon: section.icon,
         id: `field-${key}`,
-        keywords: ['settings', key, section.label],
-        label: `${section.label}: ${fieldLabel(key)}`,
+        keywords: ['settings', key, section.label, settingsSectionLabel(section)],
+        label: `${settingsSectionLabel(section)}: ${configFieldLabel(key)}`,
         run: go(`${SETTINGS_ROUTE}?tab=config:${section.id}&field=${encodeURIComponent(key)}`)
       }))
     )
 
-    result.push({ heading: 'Settings fields', items: fieldItems })
+    result.push({ heading: t.commandCenter.settingsFields, items: fieldItems })
 
     if (mcpServers.length > 0) {
       result.push({
-        heading: 'MCP servers',
+        heading: t.commandCenter.mcpServers,
         items: mcpServers.map(name => ({
           icon: Wrench,
           id: `mcp-${name}`,
@@ -324,7 +350,7 @@ export function CommandPalette() {
 
     if (archivedSessions.length > 0) {
       result.push({
-        heading: 'Archived chats',
+        heading: t.commandCenter.archivedChats,
         items: archivedSessions.map(session => ({
           icon: Archive,
           id: `archived-${session.id}`,
@@ -336,7 +362,7 @@ export function CommandPalette() {
     }
 
     return result
-  }, [archivedSessions, go, mcpServers, search, sessions])
+  }, [archivedSessions, configFieldLabel, go, mcpServers, search, sessions, settingsSectionLabel, t])
 
   const groups = useMemo(() => [...baseGroups, ...searchGroups], [baseGroups, searchGroups])
 
@@ -345,13 +371,13 @@ export function CommandPalette() {
   const subPages = useMemo<Record<string, PalettePage>>(
     () => ({
       theme: {
-        title: 'Theme',
-        placeholder: 'Choose a theme…',
+        title: t.settings.appearance.themeTitle,
+        placeholder: t.settings.appearance.themeDesc,
         // Skins aren't inherently light/dark — the same skin renders in either
         // mode. Group by appearance so picking an entry sets skin + mode at
         // once, and keep the palette open so each pick previews live.
         groups: (['light', 'dark'] as const).map(groupMode => ({
-          heading: groupMode === 'light' ? 'Light' : 'Dark',
+          heading: groupMode === 'light' ? t.settings.modeOptions.light.label : t.settings.modeOptions.dark.label,
           items: availableThemes.map(theme => ({
             active: themeName === theme.name && resolvedMode === groupMode,
             icon: groupMode === 'light' ? Sun : Moon,
@@ -367,30 +393,30 @@ export function CommandPalette() {
         }))
       },
       'color-mode': {
-        title: 'Color mode',
-        placeholder: 'Choose color mode…',
+        title: t.settings.appearance.colorMode,
+        placeholder: t.settings.appearance.colorModeDesc,
         groups: [
           {
-            heading: 'Color mode',
+            heading: t.settings.appearance.colorMode,
             items: THEME_MODES.map(entry => ({
               active: mode === entry.mode,
               icon: entry.icon,
               id: `mode-${entry.mode}`,
               keepOpen: true,
-              keywords: ['appearance', 'brightness', entry.label],
-              label: entry.label,
+              keywords: ['appearance', 'brightness', t.settings.modeOptions[entry.mode].label],
+              label: t.settings.modeOptions[entry.mode].label,
               run: () => setMode(entry.mode)
             }))
           }
         ]
       }
     }),
-    [availableThemes, mode, resolvedMode, setMode, setTheme, themeName]
+    [availableThemes, mode, resolvedMode, setMode, setTheme, t, themeName]
   )
 
   const activePage = page ? subPages[page] : null
   const visibleGroups = activePage ? activePage.groups : groups
-  const placeholder = activePage ? activePage.placeholder : 'Search commands and settings...'
+  const placeholder = activePage ? activePage.placeholder : t.commandCenter.searchPlaceholder
 
   const handleSelect = (item: PaletteItem) => {
     if (item.to) {
@@ -415,7 +441,7 @@ export function CommandPalette() {
           aria-describedby={undefined}
           className="fixed left-1/2 top-[14vh] z-[210] w-[min(40rem,calc(100vw-2rem))] -translate-x-1/2 overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-(--ui-chat-bubble-background) shadow-lg duration-150 data-[state=closed]:animate-out data-[state=closed]:fade-out-0 data-[state=closed]:zoom-out-95 data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=open]:fade-in-0 data-[state=open]:slide-in-from-top-2 data-[state=open]:zoom-in-95"
         >
-          <DialogPrimitive.Title className="sr-only">Command palette</DialogPrimitive.Title>
+          <DialogPrimitive.Title className="sr-only">{t.commandCenter.paletteTitle}</DialogPrimitive.Title>
           <Command className="bg-transparent" loop>
             {activePage && (
               <button
@@ -424,7 +450,7 @@ export function CommandPalette() {
                 type="button"
               >
                 <ChevronLeft className="size-3.5" />
-                <span>Back</span>
+                <span>{t.commandCenter.back}</span>
                 <span className="text-muted-foreground/50">/</span>
                 <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{activePage.title}</span>
               </button>
@@ -448,7 +474,7 @@ export function CommandPalette() {
               value={search}
             />
             <CommandList className="max-h-[min(24rem,60vh)]">
-              <CommandEmpty>No results found.</CommandEmpty>
+              <CommandEmpty>{t.commandCenter.noResults}</CommandEmpty>
               {visibleGroups.map(group => (
                 <CommandGroup
                   className="**:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:uppercase **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:tracking-wider **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:text-[0.6875rem] **:[[cmdk-group-heading]]:text-muted-foreground/70"

apps/desktop/src/app/gateway/hooks/use-gateway-boot.ts

@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ export function useGatewayBoot({
 
     setDesktopBootStep({
       phase: 'renderer.boot',
-      message: 'Starting desktop connection',
+      message: translateNow('boot.steps.startingDesktopConnection'),
       progress: 6
     })
 
@@ -280,13 +280,13 @@ export function useGatewayBoot({
 
     const offExit = desktop.onBackendExit(() => {
       if ($desktopBoot.get().running || $desktopBoot.get().visible) {
-        failDesktopBoot('Hermes background process exited during startup.')
+        failDesktopBoot(translateNow('boot.errors.backgroundExitedDuringStartup'))
       }
 
       notify({
         kind: 'error',
-        title: 'Backend stopped',
-        message: 'Hermes background process exited.',
+        title: translateNow('boot.errors.backendStopped'),
+        message: translateNow('boot.errors.backgroundExited'),
         durationMs: 0
       })
     })
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ export function useGatewayBoot({
 
         setDesktopBootStep({
           phase: 'renderer.gateway.connect',
-          message: 'Connecting live desktop gateway',
+          message: translateNow('boot.steps.connectingGateway'),
           progress: 95
         })
         publish(conn)
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ export function useGatewayBoot({
 
         setDesktopBootStep({
           phase: 'renderer.config',
-          message: 'Loading Hermes settings',
+          message: translateNow('boot.steps.loadingSettings'),
           progress: 97
         })
         await callbacksRef.current.refreshHermesConfig()
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ export function useGatewayBoot({
 
         setDesktopBootStep({
           phase: 'renderer.sessions',
-          message: 'Loading recent sessions',
+          message: translateNow('boot.steps.loadingSessions'),
           progress: 99
         })
         await callbacksRef.current.refreshSessions()
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ export function useGatewayBoot({
         if (!cancelled) {
           const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
           failDesktopBoot(message)
-          notifyError(err, 'Desktop boot failed')
+          notifyError(err, translateNow('boot.errors.desktopBootFailed'))
           setSessionsLoading(false)
         }
       }

apps/desktop/src/app/messaging/index.tsx

@@ -66,141 +66,20 @@ const trimEdits = (edits: Record<string, string>): Record<string, string> =>
       .filter(([, v]) => v)
   )
 
-const FIELD_COPY: Record<string, { advanced?: boolean; help?: string; label: string; placeholder?: string }> = {
-  TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN: {
-    label: 'Bot token',
-    help: 'Create a bot with @BotFather, then paste the token it gives you.',
-    placeholder: 'Paste Telegram bot token'
-  },
-  TELEGRAM_ALLOWED_USERS: {
-    label: 'Allowed Telegram user IDs',
-    help: 'Recommended. Comma-separated numeric IDs from @userinfobot. Without this, anyone can DM your bot.'
-  },
-  TELEGRAM_PROXY: {
-    label: 'Proxy URL',
-    help: 'Only needed on networks where Telegram is blocked.',
-    advanced: true
-  },
-  DISCORD_BOT_TOKEN: {
-    label: 'Bot token',
-    help: 'Create an application in the Discord Developer Portal, add a bot, then paste its token.'
-  },
-  DISCORD_ALLOWED_USERS: {
-    label: 'Allowed Discord user IDs',
-    help: 'Recommended. Comma-separated Discord user IDs.'
-  },
-  DISCORD_REPLY_TO_MODE: {
-    label: 'Reply style',
-    help: 'first, all, or off.',
-    advanced: true
-  },
-  DISCORD_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: {
-    label: 'Allow all Discord users',
-    help: 'Development only. When true, anyone can DM the bot without an allowlist.',
-    advanced: true
-  },
-  DISCORD_HOME_CHANNEL: {
-    label: 'Home channel ID',
-    help: 'Channel where the bot sends proactive messages (cron output, reminders).',
-    advanced: true
-  },
-  DISCORD_HOME_CHANNEL_NAME: {
-    label: 'Home channel name',
-    help: 'Display name for the home channel in logs and status output.',
-    advanced: true
-  },
-  BLUEBUBBLES_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: {
-    label: 'Allow all iMessage users',
-    help: 'When true, skip the BlueBubbles allowlist.',
-    advanced: true
-  },
-  MATTERMOST_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: {
-    label: 'Allow all Mattermost users',
-    advanced: true
-  },
-  MATTERMOST_HOME_CHANNEL: {
-    label: 'Home channel',
-    advanced: true
-  },
-  QQ_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: {
-    label: 'Allow all QQ users',
-    advanced: true
-  },
-  QQBOT_HOME_CHANNEL: {
-    label: 'QQ home channel',
-    help: 'Default channel or group for cron delivery.',
-    advanced: true
-  },
-  QQBOT_HOME_CHANNEL_NAME: {
-    label: 'QQ home channel name',
-    advanced: true
-  },
-  SLACK_BOT_TOKEN: {
-    label: 'Slack bot token',
-    help: 'Use the bot token from OAuth & Permissions after installing your Slack app.',
-    placeholder: 'Paste Slack bot token'
-  },
-  SLACK_APP_TOKEN: {
-    label: 'Slack app token',
-    help: 'Use the app-level token required for Socket Mode.',
-    placeholder: 'Paste Slack app token'
-  },
-  SLACK_ALLOWED_USERS: {
-    label: 'Allowed Slack user IDs',
-    help: 'Recommended. Comma-separated Slack user IDs.'
-  },
-  MATTERMOST_URL: {
-    label: 'Server URL',
-    placeholder: 'https://mattermost.example.com'
-  },
-  MATTERMOST_TOKEN: {
-    label: 'Bot token'
-  },
-  MATTERMOST_ALLOWED_USERS: {
-    label: 'Allowed user IDs',
-    help: 'Recommended. Comma-separated Mattermost user IDs.'
-  },
-  MATRIX_HOMESERVER: {
-    label: 'Homeserver URL',
-    placeholder: 'https://matrix.org'
-  },
-  MATRIX_ACCESS_TOKEN: {
-    label: 'Access token'
-  },
-  MATRIX_USER_ID: {
-    label: 'Bot user ID',
-    placeholder: '@hermes:example.org'
-  },
-  MATRIX_ALLOWED_USERS: {
-    label: 'Allowed Matrix user IDs',
-    help: 'Recommended. Comma-separated user IDs in @user:server format.'
-  },
-  SIGNAL_HTTP_URL: {
-    label: 'Signal bridge URL',
-    placeholder: 'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
-    help: 'URL of a running signal-cli REST bridge.'
-  },
-  SIGNAL_ACCOUNT: {
-    label: 'Phone number',
-    help: 'The number registered with your signal-cli bridge.'
-  },
-  SIGNAL_ALLOWED_USERS: {
-    label: 'Allowed Signal users',
-    help: 'Recommended. Comma-separated Signal identifiers.'
-  },
-  WHATSAPP_ENABLED: {
-    label: 'Enable WhatsApp bridge',
-    help: 'Set automatically by the toggle below. Leave alone unless you know you need it.',
-    advanced: true
-  },
-  WHATSAPP_MODE: {
-    label: 'Bridge mode',
-    advanced: true
-  },
-  WHATSAPP_ALLOWED_USERS: {
-    label: 'Allowed WhatsApp users',
-    help: 'Recommended. Comma-separated phone numbers or WhatsApp IDs.'
-  }
+const FIELD_COPY: Record<string, { advanced?: boolean }> = {
+  TELEGRAM_PROXY: { advanced: true },
+  DISCORD_REPLY_TO_MODE: { advanced: true },
+  DISCORD_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { advanced: true },
+  DISCORD_HOME_CHANNEL: { advanced: true },
+  DISCORD_HOME_CHANNEL_NAME: { advanced: true },
+  BLUEBUBBLES_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { advanced: true },
+  MATTERMOST_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { advanced: true },
+  MATTERMOST_HOME_CHANNEL: { advanced: true },
+  QQ_ALLOW_ALL_USERS: { advanced: true },
+  QQBOT_HOME_CHANNEL: { advanced: true },
+  QQBOT_HOME_CHANNEL_NAME: { advanced: true },
+  WHATSAPP_ENABLED: { advanced: true },
+  WHATSAPP_MODE: { advanced: true }
 }
 
 function fieldCopy(field: MessagingEnvVarInfo, m: Translations['messaging']) {
@@ -208,9 +87,9 @@ function fieldCopy(field: MessagingEnvVarInfo, m: Translations['messaging']) {
   const localized = m.fieldCopy[field.key] || {}
 
   return {
-    label: localized.label || copy.label || field.prompt || field.key,
-    help: localized.help || copy.help || field.description,
-    placeholder: localized.placeholder || copy.placeholder || field.prompt,
+    label: localized.label || field.prompt || field.key,
+    help: localized.help || field.description,
+    placeholder: localized.placeholder || field.prompt,
     advanced: Boolean(copy.advanced || field.advanced)
   }
 }

apps/desktop/src/app/overlays/overlay-view.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { type ReactNode, useEffect } from 'react'
 
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
 import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { translateNow } from '@/i18n'
 import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ interface OverlayViewProps {
 export function OverlayView({
   children,
   onClose,
-  closeLabel = 'Close',
+  closeLabel = translateNow('common.close'),
   contentClassName,
   headerContent,
   rootClassName

apps/desktop/src/app/profiles/create-profile-dialog.tsx

@@ -7,14 +7,12 @@ import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogDescription, DialogFooter, DialogHeader, D
 import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
 import { Textarea } from '@/components/ui/textarea'
 import { createProfile, updateProfileSoul } from '@/hermes'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { AlertTriangle } from '@/lib/icons'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 
 const PROFILE_NAME_RE = /^[a-z0-9][a-z0-9_-]{0,63}$/
 
-export const PROFILE_NAME_HINT =
-  'Lowercase letters, digits, hyphens, and underscores. Must start with a letter or digit.'
-
 export function isValidProfileName(name: string): boolean {
   return PROFILE_NAME_RE.test(name.trim())
 }
@@ -31,6 +29,8 @@ export function CreateProfileDialog({
   onCreated?: (name: string) => Promise<void> | void
   open: boolean
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.profiles
   const [name, setName] = useState('')
   const [cloneFromDefault, setCloneFromDefault] = useState(true)
   const [soul, setSoul] = useState('')
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ export function CreateProfileDialog({
     event.preventDefault()
 
     if (!trimmed || invalid) {
-      setError(invalid ? `Invalid name. ${PROFILE_NAME_HINT}` : 'Name is required.')
+      setError(invalid ? p.invalidName(p.nameHint) : p.nameRequired)
 
       return
     }
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ export function CreateProfileDialog({
       window.setTimeout(onClose, 800)
     } catch (err) {
       setStatus('idle')
-      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to create profile')
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : p.failedCreate)
     }
   }
 
@@ -85,16 +85,14 @@ export function CreateProfileDialog({
     <Dialog onOpenChange={value => !value && !busy && onClose()} open={open}>
       <DialogContent className="max-w-md">
         <DialogHeader>
-          <DialogTitle>New profile</DialogTitle>
-          <DialogDescription>
-            Profiles are independent Hermes environments: separate config, skills, and SOUL.md.
-          </DialogDescription>
+          <DialogTitle>{p.newProfile}</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogDescription>{p.createDesc}</DialogDescription>
         </DialogHeader>
 
         <form className="grid gap-4" onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
           <div className="grid gap-1.5">
             <label className="text-xs font-medium" htmlFor="new-profile-name">
-              Name
+              {p.nameLabel}
             </label>
             <Input
               aria-invalid={invalid}
@@ -105,7 +103,7 @@ export function CreateProfileDialog({
               value={name}
             />
             <p className={cn('text-[0.66rem] leading-4', invalid ? 'text-destructive' : 'text-muted-foreground')}>
-              {PROFILE_NAME_HINT}
+              {p.nameHint}
             </p>
           </div>
 
@@ -116,22 +114,20 @@ export function CreateProfileDialog({
               onCheckedChange={checked => setCloneFromDefault(checked === true)}
             />
             <span className="grid gap-0.5 leading-snug">
-              <span className="text-sm font-medium">Clone from default</span>
-              <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                Copy config, skills, and SOUL.md from your default profile.
-              </span>
+              <span className="text-sm font-medium">{p.cloneFromDefault}</span>
+              <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{p.cloneFromDefaultDesc}</span>
             </span>
           </label>
 
           <div className="grid gap-1.5">
             <label className="text-xs font-medium" htmlFor="new-profile-soul">
-              SOUL.md <span className="font-normal text-muted-foreground">— optional</span>
+              SOUL.md <span className="font-normal text-muted-foreground">- {p.soulOptional}</span>
             </label>
             <Textarea
               className="min-h-28 font-mono text-xs leading-5"
               id="new-profile-soul"
               onChange={event => setSoul(event.target.value)}
-              placeholder={`The system prompt / persona for this profile.\nLeave blank to keep the ${cloneFromDefault ? 'cloned' : 'empty'} default.`}
+              placeholder={p.soulPlaceholder(cloneFromDefault ? p.soulPlaceholderCloned : p.soulPlaceholderEmpty)}
               value={soul}
             />
           </div>
@@ -145,10 +141,10 @@ export function CreateProfileDialog({
 
           <DialogFooter>
             <Button disabled={busy} onClick={onClose} type="button" variant="ghost">
-              Cancel
+              {t.common.cancel}
             </Button>
             <Button disabled={busy || !trimmed || invalid} type="submit">
-              <ActionStatus busy="Creating…" done="Created" idle="Create profile" state={status} />
+              <ActionStatus busy={p.creating} done={p.created} idle={p.createAction} state={status} />
             </Button>
           </DialogFooter>
         </form>

apps/desktop/src/app/profiles/delete-profile-dialog.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { ConfirmDialog } from '@/components/ui/confirm-dialog'
 import { deleteProfile } from '@/hermes'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { $activeGatewayProfile, normalizeProfileKey, selectProfile, setActiveProfile } from '@/store/profile'
 
 // Thin wrapper over ConfirmDialog: owns the deleteProfile call, inherits
@@ -16,20 +17,26 @@ export function DeleteProfileDialog({
   onDeleted?: () => Promise<void> | void
   open: boolean
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.profiles
+
   return (
     <ConfirmDialog
-      busyLabel="Deleting…"
-      confirmLabel="Delete"
+      busyLabel={p.deleting}
+      confirmLabel={t.common.delete}
       description={
         profile ? (
           <>
-            This will delete <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{profile.name}</span> and remove its{' '}
-            <span className="font-mono text-xs">{profile.path}</span> directory. This cannot be undone.
+            {p.deleteDescPrefix}
+            <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{profile.name}</span>
+            {p.deleteDescMid}
+            <span className="font-mono text-xs">{profile.path}</span>
+            {p.deleteDescSuffix}
           </>
         ) : null
       }
       destructive
-      doneLabel="Deleted"
+      doneLabel={p.deleted}
       onClose={onClose}
       onConfirm={async () => {
         if (!profile) {
@@ -52,7 +59,7 @@ export function DeleteProfileDialog({
         }
       }}
       open={open}
-      title="Delete profile?"
+      title={p.deleteTitle}
     />
   )
 }

apps/desktop/src/app/profiles/rename-profile-dialog.tsx

@@ -5,10 +5,11 @@ import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
 import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogDescription, DialogFooter, DialogHeader, DialogTitle } from '@/components/ui/dialog'
 import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
 import { renameProfile } from '@/hermes'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { AlertTriangle } from '@/lib/icons'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 
-import { isValidProfileName, PROFILE_NAME_HINT } from './create-profile-dialog'
+import { isValidProfileName } from './create-profile-dialog'
 
 // Self-contained rename (owns the renameProfile call) so every caller just
 // reacts via onRenamed. Unchanged name is a no-op close.
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@ export function RenameProfileDialog({
   onRenamed?: (name: string) => Promise<void> | void
   open: boolean
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.profiles
   const [name, setName] = useState(currentName)
   const [status, setStatus] = useState<'done' | 'idle' | 'saving'>('idle')
   const [error, setError] = useState<null | string>(null)
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@ export function RenameProfileDialog({
     }
 
     if (!trimmed || invalid) {
-      setError(invalid ? `Invalid name. ${PROFILE_NAME_HINT}` : 'Name is required.')
+      setError(invalid ? p.invalidName(p.nameHint) : p.nameRequired)
 
       return
     }
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ export function RenameProfileDialog({
       window.setTimeout(onClose, 800)
     } catch (err) {
       setStatus('idle')
-      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to rename profile')
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : p.failedRename)
     }
   }
 
@@ -75,17 +78,18 @@ export function RenameProfileDialog({
     <Dialog onOpenChange={value => !value && !busy && onClose()} open={open}>
       <DialogContent className="max-w-md">
         <DialogHeader>
-          <DialogTitle>Rename profile</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogTitle>{p.renameTitle}</DialogTitle>
           <DialogDescription>
-            Renaming updates the profile directory and any wrapper scripts in{' '}
-            <span className="font-mono">~/.local/bin</span>.
+            {p.renameDescPrefix}
+            <span className="font-mono">~/.local/bin</span>
+            {p.renameDescSuffix}
           </DialogDescription>
         </DialogHeader>
 
         <form className="grid gap-3" onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
           <div className="grid gap-1.5">
             <label className="text-xs font-medium" htmlFor="rename-profile-name">
-              New name
+              {p.newNameLabel}
             </label>
             <Input
               aria-invalid={invalid}
@@ -95,7 +99,7 @@ export function RenameProfileDialog({
               value={name}
             />
             <p className={cn('text-[0.66rem] leading-4', invalid ? 'text-destructive' : 'text-muted-foreground')}>
-              {PROFILE_NAME_HINT}
+              {p.nameHint}
             </p>
           </div>
 
@@ -108,10 +112,10 @@ export function RenameProfileDialog({
 
           <DialogFooter>
             <Button disabled={busy} onClick={onClose} type="button" variant="ghost">
-              Cancel
+              {t.common.cancel}
             </Button>
             <Button disabled={busy || invalid || unchanged} type="submit">
-              <ActionStatus busy="Renaming…" done="Renamed" idle="Rename" state={status} />
+              <ActionStatus busy={p.renaming} done={p.renamed} idle={p.rename} state={status} />
             </Button>
           </DialogFooter>
         </form>

apps/desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/files/tree.tsx

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { type NodeApi, type NodeRendererProps, Tree, type TreeApi } from 'react-
 import { PageLoader } from '@/components/page-loader'
 import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
 import { useResizeObserver } from '@/hooks/use-resize-observer'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 
 import type { TreeNode } from './use-project-tree'
@@ -122,7 +123,9 @@ export function ProjectTree({
 }
 
 function TreeSizingState() {
-  return <PageLoader aria-label="Loading files" className="min-h-24 px-3" />
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
+  return <PageLoader aria-label={t.rightSidebar.loadingFiles} className="min-h-24 px-3" />
 }
 
 function ProjectTreeRow({

apps/desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/index.tsx

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
 import { ErrorBoundary } from '@/components/error-boundary'
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
 import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { Loader } from '@/components/ui/loader'
 import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
 import { normalizeOrLocalPreviewTarget } from '@/lib/local-preview'
@@ -29,15 +30,17 @@ interface RightSidebarPaneProps {
 interface RightSidebarTab {
   icon: string
   id: RightSidebarTabId
-  label: string
+  labelKey: 'files' | 'terminal'
 }
 
 const RIGHT_SIDEBAR_TABS: readonly RightSidebarTab[] = [
-  { id: 'files', label: 'File system', icon: 'list-tree' },
-  { id: 'terminal', label: 'Terminal', icon: 'terminal' }
+  { id: 'files', labelKey: 'files', icon: 'list-tree' },
+  { id: 'terminal', labelKey: 'terminal', icon: 'terminal' }
 ]
 
 export function RightSidebarPane({ onActivateFile, onActivateFolder, onChangeCwd }: RightSidebarPaneProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const r = t.rightSidebar
   const activeTab = useStore($rightSidebarTab)
   const terminalTakeover = useStore($terminalTakeover)
   const panesFlipped = useStore($panesFlipped)
@@ -50,7 +53,7 @@ export function RightSidebarPane({ onActivateFile, onActivateFolder, onChangeCwd
         .split(/[\\/]+/)
         .filter(Boolean)
         .pop() ?? currentCwd)
-    : 'No folder selected'
+    : r.noFolderSelected
 
   const {
     collapseAll,
@@ -72,7 +75,7 @@ export function RightSidebarPane({ onActivateFile, onActivateFolder, onChangeCwd
       defaultPath: hasCwd ? currentCwd : undefined,
       directories: true,
       multiple: false,
-      title: 'Change working directory'
+      title: r.changeCwdTitle
     })
 
     if (selected?.[0]) {
@@ -85,12 +88,12 @@ export function RightSidebarPane({ onActivateFile, onActivateFolder, onChangeCwd
       const preview = await normalizeOrLocalPreviewTarget(path, currentCwd || undefined)
 
       if (!preview) {
-        throw new Error(`Could not preview ${path}`)
+        throw new Error(r.couldNotPreview(path))
       }
 
       setCurrentSessionPreviewTarget(preview, 'file-browser', path)
     } catch (error) {
-      notifyError(error, 'Preview unavailable')
+      notifyError(error, r.previewUnavailable)
     }
   }
 
@@ -98,7 +101,7 @@ export function RightSidebarPane({ onActivateFile, onActivateFolder, onChangeCwd
 
   return (
     <aside
-      aria-label="Right sidebar"
+      aria-label={r.aria}
       className={cn(
         'before:pointer-events-none relative flex h-full w-full min-w-0 flex-col overflow-hidden border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-(--ui-sidebar-surface-background) pt-(--titlebar-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)',
         panesFlipped
@@ -144,27 +147,34 @@ function RightSidebarChrome({
   branch: string
   tabs: readonly RightSidebarTab[]
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const r = t.rightSidebar
+
   return (
     <header className="shrink-0 bg-transparent text-[0.75rem]">
       <div className="flex items-center gap-2 px-2.5 py-1">
-        <nav aria-label="Right sidebar panels" className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1">
-          {tabs.map(tab => (
-            <Tip key={tab.id} label={tab.label}>
-              <Button
-                aria-label={tab.label}
-                aria-pressed={tab.id === activeTab}
-                className={cn(
-                  'text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground',
-                  tab.id === activeTab && 'bg-(--ui-control-active-background) text-foreground'
-                )}
-                onClick={() => setRightSidebarTab(tab.id)}
-                size="icon-xs"
-                variant="ghost"
-              >
-                <Codicon name={tab.icon} size="0.875rem" />
-              </Button>
-            </Tip>
-          ))}
+        <nav aria-label={r.panelsAria} className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1">
+          {tabs.map(tab => {
+            const label = r[tab.labelKey]
+
+            return (
+              <Tip key={tab.id} label={label}>
+                <Button
+                  aria-label={label}
+                  aria-pressed={tab.id === activeTab}
+                  className={cn(
+                    'text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--ui-control-hover-background) hover:text-foreground',
+                    tab.id === activeTab && 'bg-(--ui-control-active-background) text-foreground'
+                  )}
+                  onClick={() => setRightSidebarTab(tab.id)}
+                  size="icon-xs"
+                  variant="ghost"
+                >
+                  <Codicon name={tab.icon} size="0.875rem" />
+                </Button>
+              </Tip>
+            )
+          })}
         </nav>
 
         {branch && (
@@ -214,10 +224,13 @@ function FilesystemTab({
   onRefresh,
   openState
 }: FilesystemTabProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const r = t.rightSidebar
+
   return (
     <div className="group/project-header flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col">
       <RightSidebarSectionHeader>
-        <Tip label={hasCwd ? `${cwd} — click to change folder` : 'Open a folder'}>
+        <Tip label={hasCwd ? r.folderTip(cwd) : r.openFolder}>
           <button
             className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-center rounded-md text-left hover:text-(--ui-text-secondary)"
             onClick={() => void onChangeFolder()}
@@ -227,7 +240,7 @@ function FilesystemTab({
           </button>
         </Tip>
         <Button
-          aria-label="Refresh tree"
+          aria-label={r.refreshTree}
           className={HEADER_ACTION_CLASS}
           disabled={!hasCwd || loading}
           onClick={onRefresh}
@@ -237,7 +250,7 @@ function FilesystemTab({
           <Codicon name="refresh" size="0.8125rem" spinning={loading} />
         </Button>
         <Button
-          aria-label="Open folder"
+          aria-label={r.openFolder}
           className={HEADER_ACTION_CLASS}
           onClick={() => void onChangeFolder()}
           size="icon-xs"
@@ -246,7 +259,7 @@ function FilesystemTab({
           <Codicon name="folder-opened" size="0.8125rem" />
         </Button>
         <Button
-          aria-label="Collapse all folders"
+          aria-label={r.collapseAll}
           className={HEADER_ACTION_REVEAL_CLASS}
           disabled={!hasCwd || !canCollapse}
           onClick={onCollapseAll}
@@ -304,12 +317,15 @@ function FileTreeBody({
   onPreviewFile,
   openState
 }: FileTreeBodyProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const r = t.rightSidebar
+
   if (!cwd) {
-    return <EmptyState body="Set a working directory from the status bar to browse files." title="No project" />
+    return <EmptyState body={r.noProjectBody} title={r.noProjectTitle} />
   }
 
   if (error) {
-    return <EmptyState body={`Could not read this folder (${error}).`} title="Unreadable" />
+    return <EmptyState body={r.unreadableBody(error)} title={r.unreadableTitle} />
   }
 
   if (loading && data.length === 0) {
@@ -317,20 +333,20 @@ function FileTreeBody({
   }
 
   if (data.length === 0) {
-    return <EmptyState body="This folder is empty." title="Empty" />
+    return <EmptyState body={r.emptyBody} title={r.emptyTitle} />
   }
 
   return (
     <ErrorBoundary
       fallback={({ reset }) => (
         <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col items-center justify-center gap-2 px-4 text-center">
-          <EmptyState body="The file tree hit an error rendering this folder." title="Tree error" />
+          <EmptyState body={r.treeErrorBody} title={r.treeErrorTitle} />
           <button
             className="text-[0.68rem] font-medium text-muted-foreground transition hover:text-foreground"
             onClick={reset}
             type="button"
           >
-            Try again
+            {r.tryAgain}
           </button>
         </div>
       )}
@@ -353,8 +369,10 @@ function FileTreeBody({
 }
 
 function FileTreeLoadingState() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
   return (
-    <div aria-label="Loading file tree" className="grid min-h-0 flex-1 place-items-center px-3" role="status">
+    <div aria-label={t.rightSidebar.loadingTree} className="grid min-h-0 flex-1 place-items-center px-3" role="status">
       <Loader
         aria-hidden="true"
         className="size-8 text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"

apps/desktop/src/app/right-sidebar/terminal/index.tsx

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
 import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
 import { Loader } from '@/components/ui/loader'
 import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 
 import { SidebarPanelLabel } from '../../shell/sidebar-label'
 import { $terminalTakeover, setRightSidebarTab, setTerminalTakeover } from '../store'
@@ -19,13 +20,14 @@ interface TerminalTabProps {
 }
 
 export function TerminalTab({ cwd, onAddSelectionToChat }: TerminalTabProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const { addSelectionToChat, hostRef, selection, selectionStyle, shellName, status } = useTerminalSession({
     cwd,
     onAddSelectionToChat
   })
 
   const takeover = useStore($terminalTakeover)
-  const label = takeover ? 'Return to split view' : 'Focus terminal view'
+  const label = takeover ? t.rightSidebar.terminalSplit : t.rightSidebar.terminalFocus
 
   const toggleTakeover = () => {
     // Pre-select the Terminal tab so the slot is ready to host us on return.
@@ -77,7 +79,7 @@ export function TerminalTab({ cwd, onAddSelectionToChat }: TerminalTabProps) {
               type="button"
               variant="secondary"
             >
-              Add to chat
+              {t.rightSidebar.addToChat}
               <span className="ml-1 text-[0.6rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{addSelectionShortcutLabel()}</span>
             </Button>
           </div>

apps/desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-cwd-actions.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { type MutableRefObject, useCallback } from 'react'
 
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
 import { $currentCwd, setCurrentBranch, setCurrentCwd } from '@/store/session'
 import type { SessionRuntimeInfo } from '@/types/hermes'
@@ -17,6 +18,8 @@ export function useCwdActions({
   onSessionRuntimeInfo,
   requestGateway
 }: CwdActionsOptions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.desktop
   const refreshProjectBranch = useCallback(
     async (cwd: string) => {
       const target = cwd.trim()
@@ -85,7 +88,7 @@ export function useCwdActions({
         const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
 
         if (!message.includes('unknown method')) {
-          notifyError(err, 'Working directory change failed')
+          notifyError(err, copy.cwdChangeFailed)
 
           return
         }
@@ -94,12 +97,12 @@ export function useCwdActions({
         setCurrentBranch('')
         notify({
           kind: 'warning',
-          title: 'Working directory staged',
-          message: 'Restart the desktop backend to apply cwd changes to this active session.'
+          title: copy.cwdStagedTitle,
+          message: copy.cwdStagedMessage
         })
       }
     },
-    [activeSessionId, onSessionRuntimeInfo, requestGateway]
+    [activeSessionId, copy, onSessionRuntimeInfo, requestGateway]
   )
 
   return { changeSessionCwd, refreshProjectBranch }

apps/desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-model-controls.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { type QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
 import { useCallback } from 'react'
 
 import { getGlobalModelInfo, setGlobalModel } from '@/hermes'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
 import { $currentModel, $currentProvider, setCurrentModel, setCurrentProvider } from '@/store/session'
 import type { ModelOptionsResponse } from '@/types/hermes'
@@ -19,6 +20,8 @@ interface ModelControlsOptions {
 }
 
 export function useModelControls({ activeSessionId, queryClient, requestGateway }: ModelControlsOptions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.desktop
   const updateModelOptionsCache = useCallback(
     (provider: string, model: string, includeGlobal: boolean) => {
       const patch = (prev: ModelOptionsResponse | undefined) => ({ ...(prev ?? {}), provider, model })
@@ -91,12 +94,12 @@ export function useModelControls({ activeSessionId, queryClient, requestGateway
         setCurrentModel(prevModel)
         setCurrentProvider(prevProvider)
         updateModelOptionsCache(prevProvider, prevModel, includeGlobal)
-        notifyError(err, 'Model switch failed')
+        notifyError(err, copy.modelSwitchFailed)
 
         return false
       }
     },
-    [activeSessionId, queryClient, refreshCurrentModel, requestGateway, updateModelOptionsCache]
+    [activeSessionId, copy.modelSwitchFailed, queryClient, refreshCurrentModel, requestGateway, updateModelOptionsCache]
   )
 
   return { refreshCurrentModel, selectModel, updateModelOptionsCache }

apps/desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-prompt-actions.ts

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ import type { AppendMessage, ThreadMessage } from '@assistant-ui/react'
 import { type MutableRefObject, useCallback } from 'react'
 
 import { getProfiles, transcribeAudio } from '@/hermes'
-import { branchGroupForUser, type ChatMessage, chatMessageText, textPart } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
+import { type Translations, translateNow, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { appendTextPart, branchGroupForUser, type ChatMessage, chatMessageText, textPart } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
 import {
   attachmentDisplayText,
   parseCommandDispatch,
@@ -57,10 +58,10 @@ function blobToDataUrl(blob: Blob): Promise<string> {
       if (typeof reader.result === 'string') {
         resolve(reader.result)
       } else {
-        reject(new Error('Could not read recorded audio'))
+        reject(new Error(translateNow('desktop.audioReadFailed')))
       }
     })
-    reader.addEventListener('error', () => reject(reader.error || new Error('Could not read recorded audio')))
+    reader.addEventListener('error', () => reject(reader.error || new Error(translateNow('desktop.audioReadFailed'))))
     reader.readAsDataURL(blob)
   })
 }
@@ -101,12 +102,12 @@ interface SubmitTextOptions {
   fromQueue?: boolean
 }
 
-function renderCommandsCatalog(catalog: CommandsCatalogLike): string {
+function renderCommandsCatalog(catalog: CommandsCatalogLike, copy: Translations['desktop']): string {
   const desktopCatalog = filterDesktopCommandsCatalog(catalog)
 
   const sections = desktopCatalog.categories?.length
     ? desktopCatalog.categories
-    : [{ name: 'Desktop commands', pairs: desktopCatalog.pairs ?? [] }]
+    : [{ name: copy.desktopCommands, pairs: desktopCatalog.pairs ?? [] }]
 
   const body = sections
     .filter(section => section.pairs.length > 0)
@@ -118,8 +119,8 @@ function renderCommandsCatalog(catalog: CommandsCatalogLike): string {
     .join('\n\n')
 
   const tail = [
-    desktopCatalog.skill_count ? `${desktopCatalog.skill_count} skill commands available.` : '',
-    desktopCatalog.warning ? `warning: ${desktopCatalog.warning}` : ''
+    desktopCatalog.skill_count ? copy.skillCommandsAvailable(desktopCatalog.skill_count) : '',
+    desktopCatalog.warning ? copy.warningLine(desktopCatalog.warning) : ''
   ]
     .filter(Boolean)
     .join('\n')
@@ -156,6 +157,8 @@ export function usePromptActions({
   sttEnabled,
   updateSessionState
 }: PromptActionsOptions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.desktop
   const appendSessionTextMessage = useCallback(
     (sessionId: string, role: ChatMessage['role'], text: string) => {
       const body = text.trim()
@@ -326,7 +329,7 @@ export function usePromptActions({
         } catch (err) {
           dropOptimistic(null)
           releaseBusy()
-          notifyError(err, 'Session unavailable')
+          notifyError(err, copy.sessionUnavailable)
 
           return false
         }
@@ -334,7 +337,7 @@ export function usePromptActions({
         if (!sessionId) {
           dropOptimistic(null)
           releaseBusy()
-          notify({ kind: 'error', title: 'Session unavailable', message: 'Could not create a new session' })
+          notify({ kind: 'error', title: copy.sessionUnavailable, message: copy.createSessionFailed })
 
           return false
         }
@@ -354,7 +357,7 @@ export function usePromptActions({
 
         return true
       } catch (err) {
-        const message = inlineErrorMessage(err, 'Prompt failed')
+        const message = inlineErrorMessage(err, copy.promptFailed)
 
         releaseBusy()
         updateSessionState(sessionId, state => ({
@@ -365,7 +368,7 @@ export function usePromptActions({
               id: `assistant-error-${Date.now()}`,
               role: 'assistant',
               parts: [],
-              error: message || 'Prompt failed',
+              error: message || copy.promptFailed,
               branchGroupId: state.pendingBranchGroup ?? undefined
             }
           ],
@@ -376,12 +379,12 @@ export function usePromptActions({
         }))
 
         if (isProviderSetupError(err)) {
-          requestDesktopOnboarding('Add a provider credential before sending your first message.')
+          requestDesktopOnboarding(copy.providerCredentialRequired)
 
           return false
         }
 
-        notifyError(err, 'Prompt failed')
+        notifyError(err, copy.promptFailed)
 
         return false
       }
@@ -389,6 +392,7 @@ export function usePromptActions({
     [
       activeSessionId,
       busyRef,
+      copy,
       createBackendSessionForSend,
       requestGateway,
       selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
@@ -408,7 +412,7 @@ export function usePromptActions({
           const sessionId = sessionHint || activeSessionIdRef.current || (await createBackendSessionForSend())
 
           if (sessionId) {
-            appendSessionTextMessage(sessionId, 'system', 'empty slash command')
+            appendSessionTextMessage(sessionId, 'system', copy.emptySlashCommand)
           }
 
           return
@@ -435,16 +439,16 @@ export function usePromptActions({
 
           if (!sid) {
             setYoloActive(next)
-            notify({ kind: 'success', message: next ? 'YOLO armed for this chat' : 'YOLO off' })
+            notify({ kind: 'success', message: next ? copy.yoloArmed : copy.yoloOff })
 
             return
           }
 
           try {
             const active = await setSessionYolo(requestGateway, sid, next)
-            appendSessionTextMessage(sid, 'system', `YOLO ${active ? 'on' : 'off'} for this session`)
+            appendSessionTextMessage(sid, 'system', copy.yoloSystem(active))
           } catch {
-            notify({ kind: 'error', title: 'YOLO', message: 'Could not toggle YOLO' })
+            notify({ kind: 'error', title: copy.yoloTitle, message: copy.yoloToggleFailed })
           }
 
           return
@@ -467,7 +471,7 @@ export function usePromptActions({
           if (!target) {
             notify({
               kind: 'success',
-              message: `Profile: ${current}. Use /profile <name> or the "New session" picker to start a chat in another profile.`
+              message: copy.profileStatus(current)
             })
 
             return
@@ -480,8 +484,8 @@ export function usePromptActions({
             if (!match) {
               notify({
                 kind: 'error',
-                title: 'Unknown profile',
-                message: `No profile named "${target}". Available: ${profiles.map(profile => profile.name).join(', ')}`
+                title: copy.unknownProfile,
+                message: copy.noProfileNamed(target, profiles.map(profile => profile.name).join(', '))
               })
 
               return
@@ -493,9 +497,9 @@ export function usePromptActions({
             // Swap the live gateway now so an empty draft sends into this
             // profile immediately; an existing thread keeps its own profile.
             await ensureGatewayProfile(key)
-            notify({ kind: 'success', message: `New chats will use profile ${match.name}.` })
+            notify({ kind: 'success', message: copy.newChatsProfile(match.name) })
           } catch (err) {
-            notifyError(err, 'Failed to set profile')
+            notifyError(err, copy.setProfileFailed)
           }
 
           return
@@ -506,8 +510,8 @@ export function usePromptActions({
         if (!sessionId) {
           notify({
             kind: 'error',
-            title: 'Session unavailable',
-            message: 'Could not create a new session'
+            title: copy.sessionUnavailable,
+            message: copy.createSessionFailed
           })
 
           return
@@ -570,7 +574,7 @@ export function usePromptActions({
           try {
             const catalog = await requestGateway<CommandsCatalogLike>('commands.catalog', { session_id: sessionId })
 
-            renderSlashOutput(renderCommandsCatalog(catalog))
+            renderSlashOutput(renderCommandsCatalog(catalog, copy))
           } catch (err) {
             renderSlashOutput(`error: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`)
           }
@@ -658,6 +662,7 @@ export function usePromptActions({
       appendSessionTextMessage,
       branchCurrentSession,
       busyRef,
+      copy,
       createBackendSessionForSend,
       handleSkinCommand,
       refreshSessions,
@@ -687,7 +692,7 @@ export function usePromptActions({
   const transcribeVoiceAudio = useCallback(
     async (audio: Blob) => {
       if (!sttEnabled) {
-        throw new Error('Speech-to-text is disabled in settings.')
+        throw new Error(copy.sttDisabled)
       }
 
       const dataUrl = await blobToDataUrl(audio)
@@ -695,7 +700,7 @@ export function usePromptActions({
 
       return result.transcript
     },
-    [sttEnabled]
+    [copy.sttDisabled, sttEnabled]
   )
 
   const cancelRun = useCallback(async () => {
@@ -745,9 +750,9 @@ export function usePromptActions({
     } catch (err) {
       setMutableRef(busyRef, false)
       setBusy(false)
-      notifyError(err, 'Stop failed')
+      notifyError(err, copy.stopFailed)
     }
-  }, [activeSessionId, activeSessionIdRef, busyRef, requestGateway, updateSessionState])
+  }, [activeSessionId, activeSessionIdRef, busyRef, copy.stopFailed, requestGateway, updateSessionState])
 
   // Steer = nudge the live turn without interrupting: the gateway appends the
   // text to the next tool result so the model reads it on its next iteration
@@ -853,10 +858,10 @@ export function usePromptActions({
           busy: false,
           awaitingResponse: false
         }))
-        notifyError(err, 'Regenerate failed')
+        notifyError(err, copy.regenerateFailed)
       }
     },
-    [activeSessionId, requestGateway, updateSessionState]
+    [activeSessionId, copy.regenerateFailed, requestGateway, updateSessionState]
   )
 
   const editMessage = useCallback(
@@ -926,10 +931,10 @@ export function usePromptActions({
         setBusy(false)
         setAwaitingResponse(false)
         updateSessionState(sessionId, state => ({ ...state, busy: false, awaitingResponse: false }))
-        notifyError(surfaced, 'Edit failed')
+        notifyError(surfaced, copy.editFailed)
       }
     },
-    [activeSessionId, activeSessionIdRef, busyRef, requestGateway, updateSessionState]
+    [activeSessionId, activeSessionIdRef, busyRef, copy.editFailed, requestGateway, updateSessionState]
   )
 
   const handleThreadMessagesChange = useCallback(

apps/desktop/src/app/session/hooks/use-session-actions.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { useCallback, useRef } from 'react'
 import type { NavigateFunction } from 'react-router-dom'
 
 import { deleteSession, getSessionMessages, setSessionArchived } from '@/hermes'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { type ChatMessage, chatMessageText, preserveLocalAssistantErrors, toChatMessages } from '@/lib/chat-messages'
 import { normalizePersonalityValue } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
 import { embeddedImageUrls, textWithoutEmbeddedImages } from '@/lib/embedded-images'
@@ -285,6 +286,8 @@ export function useSessionActions({
   syncSessionStateToView,
   updateSessionState
 }: SessionActionsOptions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.desktop
   const resumeRequestRef = useRef(0)
 
   const startFreshSessionDraft = useCallback(
@@ -602,7 +605,7 @@ export function useSessionActions({
         }
 
         setMessages(preserveLocalAssistantErrors(toChatMessages(fallback.messages), $messages.get()))
-        notifyError(err, 'Resume failed')
+        notifyError(err, copy.resumeFailed)
       } finally {
         if (isCurrentResume()) {
           busyRef.current = false
@@ -614,6 +617,7 @@ export function useSessionActions({
     [
       activeSessionIdRef,
       busyRef,
+      copy,
       requestGateway,
       runtimeIdByStoredSessionIdRef,
       selectedStoredSessionIdRef,
@@ -630,8 +634,8 @@ export function useSessionActions({
       if (!sourceSessionId) {
         notify({
           kind: 'warning',
-          title: 'Nothing to branch',
-          message: 'Start or resume a chat before branching.'
+          title: copy.nothingToBranch,
+          message: copy.branchNeedsChat
         })
 
         return false
@@ -640,8 +644,8 @@ export function useSessionActions({
       if (busyRef.current) {
         notify({
           kind: 'warning',
-          title: 'Session busy',
-          message: 'Stop the current turn before branching this chat.'
+          title: copy.sessionBusy,
+          message: copy.branchStopCurrent
         })
 
         return false
@@ -671,8 +675,8 @@ export function useSessionActions({
         if (!branchMessages.length) {
           notify({
             kind: 'warning',
-            title: 'Nothing to branch',
-            message: 'This message has no text to branch from.'
+            title: copy.nothingToBranch,
+            message: copy.branchNoText
           })
 
           return false
@@ -686,14 +690,14 @@ export function useSessionActions({
           cols: 96,
           ...(cwd && { cwd }),
           messages: branchMessages.map(({ content, role }) => ({ content, role })),
-          title: 'Branch'
+          title: copy.branchTitle
         })
 
         const routedSessionId = branched.stored_session_id ?? branched.session_id
         const preview = branchMessages.map(({ content }) => content).find(Boolean) ?? null
 
         setFreshDraftReady(false)
-        upsertOptimisticSession(branched, routedSessionId, 'Branch', preview)
+        upsertOptimisticSession(branched, routedSessionId, copy.branchTitle, preview)
         ensureSessionState(branched.session_id, routedSessionId)
         setActiveSessionId(branched.session_id)
         activeSessionIdRef.current = branched.session_id
@@ -723,7 +727,7 @@ export function useSessionActions({
 
         return true
       } catch (err) {
-        notifyError(err, 'Branch failed')
+        notifyError(err, copy.branchFailed)
 
         return false
       } finally {
@@ -735,6 +739,7 @@ export function useSessionActions({
     [
       activeSessionIdRef,
       busyRef,
+      copy,
       creatingSessionRef,
       ensureSessionState,
       navigate,
@@ -812,12 +817,13 @@ export function useSessionActions({
           }
         }
 
-        notifyError(err, 'Delete failed')
+        notifyError(err, copy.deleteFailed)
       }
     },
     [
       activeSessionId,
       activeSessionIdRef,
+      copy,
       navigate,
       requestGateway,
       selectedStoredSessionId,
@@ -851,7 +857,7 @@ export function useSessionActions({
 
       try {
         await setSessionArchived(storedSessionId, true, archived?.profile)
-        notify({ durationMs: 2_000, kind: 'success', message: 'Archived' })
+        notify({ durationMs: 2_000, kind: 'success', message: copy.archived })
       } catch (err) {
         if (archived) {
           setSessions(prev => [archived, ...prev.filter(s => s.id !== storedSessionId)])
@@ -859,10 +865,10 @@ export function useSessionActions({
         }
 
         $pinnedSessionIds.set(previousPinned)
-        notifyError(err, 'Archive failed')
+        notifyError(err, copy.archiveFailed)
       }
     },
-    [selectedStoredSessionId, startFreshSessionDraft]
+    [copy, selectedStoredSessionId, startFreshSessionDraft]
   )
 
   return {

apps/desktop/src/app/settings/appearance-settings.tsx

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import { useStore } from '@nanostores/react'
 
-import { type Locale, LOCALE_META, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
+import { LanguageSwitcher } from '@/components/language-switcher'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
 import { Check, Palette } from '@/lib/icons'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
-import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
 import { $toolViewMode, setToolViewMode } from '@/store/tool-view'
 import { useTheme } from '@/themes/context'
 import { BUILTIN_THEMES } from '@/themes/presets'
@@ -53,27 +53,11 @@ function ThemePreview({ name }: { name: string }) {
 }
 
 export function AppearanceSettings() {
-  const { t, isSavingLocale, locale, setLocale } = useI18n()
+  const { t, isSavingLocale } = useI18n()
   const { themeName, mode, availableThemes, setTheme, setMode } = useTheme()
   const toolViewMode = useStore($toolViewMode)
   const activeTheme = availableThemes.find(theme => theme.name === themeName)
   const a = t.settings.appearance
-  const locales = Object.keys(LOCALE_META) as Locale[]
-
-  const selectLocale = async (code: Locale) => {
-    if (code === locale || isSavingLocale) {
-      return
-    }
-
-    triggerHaptic('selection')
-
-    try {
-      await setLocale(code)
-      triggerHaptic('success')
-    } catch (error) {
-      notifyError(error, t.language.saveError)
-    }
-  }
 
   return (
     <SettingsContent>
@@ -86,45 +70,13 @@ export function AppearanceSettings() {
         </div>
 
         <section className="rounded-xl border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-chat-bubble-background) p-3 shadow-sm">
-          <div className="mb-3 flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
-            <div>
+          <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
+            <div className="min-w-0">
               <div className="text-sm font-medium">{t.language.label}</div>
               <div className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t.language.description}</div>
               {isSavingLocale && <div className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t.language.saving}</div>}
             </div>
-            <Pill>{LOCALE_META[locale].name}</Pill>
-          </div>
-          <div className="grid gap-2 sm:grid-cols-3">
-            {locales.map(code => {
-              const active = locale === code
-
-              return (
-                <button
-                  className={cn(
-                    'group rounded-lg border border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) bg-(--ui-bg-quinary) p-2.5 text-left transition hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover)',
-                    active && 'border-(--ui-stroke-secondary) bg-(--ui-bg-tertiary)'
-                  )}
-                  disabled={isSavingLocale}
-                  key={code}
-                  onClick={() => void selectLocale(code)}
-                  type="button"
-                >
-                  <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-3">
-                    <div className="text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium">
-                      {LOCALE_META[code].name}
-                    </div>
-                    {active && (
-                      <span className="grid size-5 place-items-center rounded-full bg-primary text-primary-foreground">
-                        <Check className="size-3.5" />
-                      </span>
-                    )}
-                  </div>
-                  <div className="mt-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] uppercase tracking-wide text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
-                    {code}
-                  </div>
-                </button>
-              )
-            })}
+            <LanguageSwitcher />
           </div>
         </section>
 

apps/desktop/src/app/settings/config-settings.tsx

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
 import type { ConfigFieldSchema, HermesConfigRecord } from '@/types/hermes'
 
 import { CONTROL_TEXT, EMPTY_SELECT_VALUE, FIELD_DESCRIPTIONS, FIELD_LABELS, SECTIONS } from './constants'
+import { fieldCopyForSchemaKey } from './field-copy'
 import { enumOptionsFor, getNested, prettyName, setNested } from './helpers'
 import { ModelSettings } from './model-settings'
 import { EmptyState, ListRow, LoadingState, SettingsContent } from './primitives'
@@ -39,15 +40,18 @@ function ConfigField({
   onChange: (value: unknown) => void
 }) {
   const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.settings.config
 
   const label =
-    t.settings.fieldLabels[schemaKey] ?? FIELD_LABELS[schemaKey] ?? prettyName(schemaKey.split('.').pop() ?? schemaKey)
+    fieldCopyForSchemaKey(t.settings.fieldLabels, schemaKey) ??
+    fieldCopyForSchemaKey(FIELD_LABELS, schemaKey) ??
+    prettyName(schemaKey.split('.').pop() ?? schemaKey)
 
   const normalize = (v: string) => v.toLowerCase().replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, '')
 
   const rawDescription = (
-    t.settings.fieldDescriptions[schemaKey] ??
-    FIELD_DESCRIPTIONS[schemaKey] ??
+    fieldCopyForSchemaKey(t.settings.fieldDescriptions, schemaKey) ??
+    fieldCopyForSchemaKey(FIELD_DESCRIPTIONS, schemaKey) ??
     schema.description ??
     ''
   ).trim()
@@ -88,8 +92,8 @@ function ConfigField({
               {option
                 ? (optionLabels?.[option] ?? prettyName(option))
                 : schemaKey === 'display.personality'
-                  ? 'None'
-                  : '(none)'}
+                  ? c.none
+                  : c.noneParen}
             </SelectItem>
           ))}
         </SelectContent>
@@ -109,7 +113,7 @@ function ConfigField({
             onChange(n)
           }
         }}
-        placeholder="Not set"
+        placeholder={c.notSet}
         type="number"
         value={value === undefined || value === null ? '' : String(value)}
       />
@@ -128,7 +132,7 @@ function ConfigField({
               .filter(Boolean)
           )
         }
-        placeholder="comma-separated values"
+        placeholder={c.commaSeparated}
         value={Array.isArray(value) ? value.join(', ') : String(value ?? '')}
       />
     )
@@ -145,7 +149,7 @@ function ConfigField({
             /* keep last valid */
           }
         }}
-        placeholder="Not set"
+        placeholder={c.notSet}
         spellCheck={false}
         value={JSON.stringify(value, null, 2)}
       />,
@@ -160,14 +164,14 @@ function ConfigField({
       <Textarea
         className={cn('min-h-24 resize-y bg-background', CONTROL_TEXT)}
         onChange={e => onChange(e.target.value)}
-        placeholder="Not set"
+        placeholder={c.notSet}
         value={String(value ?? '')}
       />
     ) : (
       <Input
         className={CONTROL_TEXT}
         onChange={e => onChange(e.target.value)}
-        placeholder="Not set"
+        placeholder={c.notSet}
         value={String(value ?? '')}
       />
     ),
@@ -186,6 +190,8 @@ export function ConfigSettings({
   onMainModelChanged?: (provider: string, model: string) => void
   importInputRef: React.RefObject<HTMLInputElement | null>
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const c = t.settings.config
   const [config, setConfig] = useState<HermesConfigRecord | null>(null)
   const [_defaults, setDefaults] = useState<HermesConfigRecord | null>(null)
   const [schema, setSchema] = useState<Record<string, ConfigFieldSchema> | null>(null)
@@ -206,7 +212,7 @@ export function ConfigSettings({
         setDefaults(d)
         setSchema(s.fields)
       })
-      .catch(err => notifyError(err, 'Settings failed to load'))
+      .catch(err => notifyError(err, c.failedLoad))
 
     return () => void (cancelled = true)
   }, [])
@@ -250,7 +256,7 @@ export function ConfigSettings({
           }
         } catch (err) {
           if (saveVersionRef.current === v) {
-            notifyError(err, 'Autosave failed')
+            notifyError(err, c.autosaveFailed)
           }
         }
       })()
@@ -323,9 +329,9 @@ export function ConfigSettings({
     reader.onload = () => {
       try {
         updateConfig(JSON.parse(String(reader.result)))
-        notify({ kind: 'success', title: 'Config imported', message: 'Saving…' })
+        notify({ kind: 'success', title: c.imported, message: t.common.saving })
       } catch (err) {
-        notifyError(err, 'Invalid config JSON')
+        notifyError(err, c.invalidJson)
       }
     }
 
@@ -334,7 +340,7 @@ export function ConfigSettings({
   }
 
   if (!config || !schema) {
-    return <LoadingState label="Loading Hermes configuration..." />
+    return <LoadingState label={c.loading} />
   }
 
   return (
@@ -345,7 +351,7 @@ export function ConfigSettings({
         </div>
       )}
       {fields.length === 0 ? (
-        <EmptyState description="This section has no adjustable settings." title="Nothing to configure" />
+        <EmptyState description={c.emptyDesc} title={c.emptyTitle} />
       ) : (
         <div className="grid gap-1">
           {fields.map(([key, field]) => (

apps/desktop/src/app/settings/constants.ts

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
 import type { ThemeMode } from '@/themes/context'
 
 import type { DesktopConfigSection } from './types'
+import { defineFieldCopy } from './field-copy'
 
 // Provider group definitions used to fold raw env-var names like
 // ``XAI_API_KEY`` into a single "xAI" card with a friendly label, short
@@ -245,103 +246,175 @@ export const ENUM_OPTIONS: Record<string, string[]> = {
   'updates.non_interactive_local_changes': ['stash', 'discard']
 }
 
-export const FIELD_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
+export const FIELD_LABELS: Record<string, string> = defineFieldCopy({
   model: 'Default Model',
-  model_context_length: 'Context Window',
-  fallback_providers: 'Fallback Models',
+  modelContextLength: 'Context Window',
+  fallbackProviders: 'Fallback Models',
   toolsets: 'Enabled Toolsets',
   timezone: 'Timezone',
-  'display.personality': 'Personality',
-  'display.show_reasoning': 'Reasoning Blocks',
-  'agent.max_turns': 'Max Agent Steps',
-  'agent.image_input_mode': 'Image Attachments',
-  'terminal.cwd': 'Working Directory',
-  'terminal.backend': 'Execution Backend',
-  'terminal.timeout': 'Command Timeout',
-  'terminal.persistent_shell': 'Persistent Shell',
-  'terminal.env_passthrough': 'Environment Passthrough',
-  file_read_max_chars: 'File Read Limit',
-  'tool_output.max_bytes': 'Terminal Output Limit',
-  'tool_output.max_lines': 'File Page Limit',
-  'tool_output.max_line_length': 'Line Length Limit',
-  'code_execution.mode': 'Code Execution Mode',
-  'approvals.mode': 'Approval Mode',
-  'approvals.timeout': 'Approval Timeout',
-  'approvals.mcp_reload_confirm': 'Confirm MCP Reloads',
-  command_allowlist: 'Command Allowlist',
-  'security.redact_secrets': 'Redact Secrets',
-  'security.allow_private_urls': 'Allow Private URLs',
-  'browser.allow_private_urls': 'Browser Private URLs',
-  'browser.auto_local_for_private_urls': 'Local Browser For Private URLs',
-  'checkpoints.enabled': 'File Checkpoints',
-  'checkpoints.max_snapshots': 'Checkpoint Limit',
-  'voice.record_key': 'Voice Shortcut',
-  'voice.max_recording_seconds': 'Max Recording Length',
-  'voice.auto_tts': 'Read Responses Aloud',
-  'stt.enabled': 'Speech To Text',
-  'stt.provider': 'Speech-To-Text Provider',
-  'stt.local.model': 'Local Transcription Model',
-  'stt.local.language': 'Transcription Language',
-  'stt.elevenlabs.model_id': 'ElevenLabs STT Model',
-  'stt.elevenlabs.language_code': 'ElevenLabs Language',
-  'stt.elevenlabs.tag_audio_events': 'Tag Audio Events',
-  'stt.elevenlabs.diarize': 'Speaker Diarization',
-  'tts.provider': 'Text-To-Speech Provider',
-  'tts.edge.voice': 'Edge Voice',
-  'tts.openai.model': 'OpenAI TTS Model',
-  'tts.openai.voice': 'OpenAI Voice',
-  'tts.elevenlabs.voice_id': 'ElevenLabs Voice',
-  'tts.elevenlabs.model_id': 'ElevenLabs Model',
-  'memory.memory_enabled': 'Persistent Memory',
-  'memory.user_profile_enabled': 'User Profile',
-  'memory.memory_char_limit': 'Memory Budget',
-  'memory.user_char_limit': 'Profile Budget',
-  'memory.provider': 'Memory Provider',
-  'context.engine': 'Context Engine',
-  'compression.enabled': 'Auto-Compression',
-  'compression.threshold': 'Compression Threshold',
-  'compression.target_ratio': 'Compression Target',
-  'compression.protect_last_n': 'Protected Recent Messages',
-  'agent.api_max_retries': 'API Retries',
-  'agent.service_tier': 'Service Tier',
-  'agent.tool_use_enforcement': 'Tool-Use Enforcement',
-  'delegation.model': 'Subagent Model',
-  'delegation.provider': 'Subagent Provider',
-  'delegation.max_iterations': 'Subagent Turn Limit',
-  'delegation.max_concurrent_children': 'Parallel Subagents',
-  'delegation.child_timeout_seconds': 'Subagent Timeout',
-  'delegation.reasoning_effort': 'Subagent Reasoning Effort',
-  'updates.non_interactive_local_changes': 'In-App Update Local Changes'
-}
+  display: {
+    personality: 'Personality',
+    showReasoning: 'Reasoning Blocks'
+  },
+  agent: {
+    maxTurns: 'Max Agent Steps',
+    imageInputMode: 'Image Attachments',
+    apiMaxRetries: 'API Retries',
+    serviceTier: 'Service Tier',
+    toolUseEnforcement: 'Tool-Use Enforcement'
+  },
+  terminal: {
+    cwd: 'Working Directory',
+    backend: 'Execution Backend',
+    timeout: 'Command Timeout',
+    persistentShell: 'Persistent Shell',
+    envPassthrough: 'Environment Passthrough'
+  },
+  fileReadMaxChars: 'File Read Limit',
+  toolOutput: {
+    maxBytes: 'Terminal Output Limit',
+    maxLines: 'File Page Limit',
+    maxLineLength: 'Line Length Limit'
+  },
+  codeExecution: {
+    mode: 'Code Execution Mode'
+  },
+  approvals: {
+    mode: 'Approval Mode',
+    timeout: 'Approval Timeout',
+    mcpReloadConfirm: 'Confirm MCP Reloads'
+  },
+  commandAllowlist: 'Command Allowlist',
+  security: {
+    redactSecrets: 'Redact Secrets',
+    allowPrivateUrls: 'Allow Private URLs'
+  },
+  browser: {
+    allowPrivateUrls: 'Browser Private URLs',
+    autoLocalForPrivateUrls: 'Local Browser For Private URLs'
+  },
+  checkpoints: {
+    enabled: 'File Checkpoints',
+    maxSnapshots: 'Checkpoint Limit'
+  },
+  voice: {
+    recordKey: 'Voice Shortcut',
+    maxRecordingSeconds: 'Max Recording Length',
+    autoTts: 'Read Responses Aloud'
+  },
+  stt: {
+    enabled: 'Speech To Text',
+    provider: 'Speech-To-Text Provider',
+    local: {
+      model: 'Local Transcription Model',
+      language: 'Transcription Language'
+    },
+    elevenlabs: {
+      modelId: 'ElevenLabs STT Model',
+      languageCode: 'ElevenLabs Language',
+      tagAudioEvents: 'Tag Audio Events',
+      diarize: 'Speaker Diarization'
+    }
+  },
+  tts: {
+    provider: 'Text-To-Speech Provider',
+    edge: {
+      voice: 'Edge Voice'
+    },
+    openai: {
+      model: 'OpenAI TTS Model',
+      voice: 'OpenAI Voice'
+    },
+    elevenlabs: {
+      voiceId: 'ElevenLabs Voice',
+      modelId: 'ElevenLabs Model'
+    }
+  },
+  memory: {
+    memoryEnabled: 'Persistent Memory',
+    userProfileEnabled: 'User Profile',
+    memoryCharLimit: 'Memory Budget',
+    userCharLimit: 'Profile Budget',
+    provider: 'Memory Provider'
+  },
+  context: {
+    engine: 'Context Engine'
+  },
+  compression: {
+    enabled: 'Auto-Compression',
+    threshold: 'Compression Threshold',
+    targetRatio: 'Compression Target',
+    protectLastN: 'Protected Recent Messages'
+  },
+  delegation: {
+    model: 'Subagent Model',
+    provider: 'Subagent Provider',
+    maxIterations: 'Subagent Turn Limit',
+    maxConcurrentChildren: 'Parallel Subagents',
+    childTimeoutSeconds: 'Subagent Timeout',
+    reasoningEffort: 'Subagent Reasoning Effort'
+  },
+  updates: {
+    nonInteractiveLocalChanges: 'In-App Update Local Changes'
+  }
+})
 
-export const FIELD_DESCRIPTIONS: Record<string, string> = {
+export const FIELD_DESCRIPTIONS: Record<string, string> = defineFieldCopy({
   model: 'Used for new chats unless you pick a different model in the composer.',
-  model_context_length: "Leave at 0 to use the selected model's detected context window.",
-  fallback_providers: 'Backup provider:model entries to try if the default model fails.',
-  'display.personality': 'Default assistant style for new sessions.',
+  modelContextLength: "Leave at 0 to use the selected model's detected context window.",
+  fallbackProviders: 'Backup provider:model entries to try if the default model fails.',
+  display: {
+    personality: 'Default assistant style for new sessions.',
+    showReasoning: 'Show reasoning sections when the backend provides them.'
+  },
   timezone: 'Used when Hermes needs local time context. Blank uses the system timezone.',
-  'display.show_reasoning': 'Show reasoning sections when the backend provides them.',
-  'agent.image_input_mode': 'Controls how image attachments are sent to the model.',
-  'terminal.cwd': 'Default project folder for tool and terminal work.',
-  'code_execution.mode': 'How strictly code execution is scoped to the current project.',
-  'terminal.persistent_shell': 'Keep shell state between commands when the backend supports it.',
-  'terminal.env_passthrough': 'Environment variables to pass into tool execution.',
-  file_read_max_chars: 'Maximum characters Hermes can read from one file request.',
-  'approvals.mode': 'How Hermes handles commands that need explicit approval.',
-  'approvals.timeout': 'How long approval prompts wait before timing out.',
-  'security.redact_secrets': 'Hide detected secrets from model-visible content when possible.',
-  'checkpoints.enabled': 'Create rollback snapshots before file edits.',
-  'memory.memory_enabled': 'Save durable memories that can help future sessions.',
-  'memory.user_profile_enabled': 'Maintain a compact profile of user preferences.',
-  'context.engine': 'Strategy for managing long conversations near the context limit.',
-  'compression.enabled': 'Summarize older context when conversations get large.',
-  'voice.auto_tts': 'Automatically speak assistant responses.',
-  'stt.enabled': 'Enable local or provider-backed speech transcription.',
-  'stt.elevenlabs.language_code': 'Optional ISO-639-3 language code. Blank lets ElevenLabs auto-detect.',
-  'agent.max_turns': 'Upper bound for tool-calling turns before Hermes stops a run.',
-  'updates.non_interactive_local_changes':
-    'When Hermes updates itself from the app (no terminal prompt), keep local source edits (stash) or throw them away (discard). Terminal updates always ask.'
-}
+  agent: {
+    imageInputMode: 'Controls how image attachments are sent to the model.',
+    maxTurns: 'Upper bound for tool-calling turns before Hermes stops a run.'
+  },
+  terminal: {
+    cwd: 'Default project folder for tool and terminal work.',
+    persistentShell: 'Keep shell state between commands when the backend supports it.',
+    envPassthrough: 'Environment variables to pass into tool execution.'
+  },
+  codeExecution: {
+    mode: 'How strictly code execution is scoped to the current project.'
+  },
+  fileReadMaxChars: 'Maximum characters Hermes can read from one file request.',
+  approvals: {
+    mode: 'How Hermes handles commands that need explicit approval.',
+    timeout: 'How long approval prompts wait before timing out.'
+  },
+  security: {
+    redactSecrets: 'Hide detected secrets from model-visible content when possible.'
+  },
+  checkpoints: {
+    enabled: 'Create rollback snapshots before file edits.'
+  },
+  memory: {
+    memoryEnabled: 'Save durable memories that can help future sessions.',
+    userProfileEnabled: 'Maintain a compact profile of user preferences.'
+  },
+  context: {
+    engine: 'Strategy for managing long conversations near the context limit.'
+  },
+  compression: {
+    enabled: 'Summarize older context when conversations get large.'
+  },
+  voice: {
+    autoTts: 'Automatically speak assistant responses.'
+  },
+  stt: {
+    enabled: 'Enable local or provider-backed speech transcription.',
+    elevenlabs: {
+      languageCode: 'Optional ISO-639-3 language code. Blank lets ElevenLabs auto-detect.'
+    }
+  },
+  updates: {
+    nonInteractiveLocalChanges:
+      'When Hermes updates itself from the app (no terminal prompt), keep local source edits (stash) or throw them away (discard). Terminal updates always ask.'
+  }
+})
 
 // Curated desktop config surface: only fields a user might tune from the app.
 export const SECTIONS: DesktopConfigSection[] = [

apps/desktop/src/app/settings/credential-key-ui.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { type ChangeEvent, type KeyboardEvent } from 'react'
 
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
 import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
+import { translateNow, useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { ChevronDown, ExternalLink, Loader2, Save } from '@/lib/icons'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 import type { EnvVarInfo } from '@/types/hermes'
@@ -27,7 +28,11 @@ export const friendlyFieldLabel = (key: string, info: EnvVarInfo) =>
     .replace(/\b\w/g, c => c.toUpperCase())
 
 export const credentialPlaceholder = (key: string, info: EnvVarInfo, label: string): string =>
-  isKeyVar(key, info) ? `Paste ${label} key` : /URL$/i.test(key) ? 'https://…' : 'Optional'
+  isKeyVar(key, info)
+    ? translateNow('settings.credentials.pasteLabelKey', label)
+    : /URL$/i.test(key)
+      ? 'https://…'
+      : translateNow('settings.credentials.optional')
 
 // A single credential field: a set key shows as a filled read-only input
 // (redacted value) that edits in place on click. Save appears once typed; a set
@@ -43,6 +48,7 @@ export function KeyField({
   rowProps: KeyRowProps
   varKey: string
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const { edits, onClear, onSave, saving, setEdits } = rowProps
   const editing = edits[varKey] !== undefined
   const draft = edits[varKey] ?? ''
@@ -84,14 +90,14 @@ export function KeyField({
           className={cn(CREDENTIAL_CONTROL_CLASS, 'min-w-0 flex-1')}
           onChange={update}
           onKeyDown={keydown}
-          placeholder={placeholder ?? 'Paste key'}
+          placeholder={placeholder ?? t.settings.credentials.pasteKey}
           type={editType}
           value={draft}
         />
         {dirty && (
           <Button className="h-8 shrink-0" disabled={busy} onClick={() => void onSave(varKey)} size="sm">
             {busy ? <Loader2 className="size-4 animate-spin" /> : <Save />}
-            {busy ? 'Saving' : 'Save'}
+            {busy ? t.settings.credentials.saving : t.common.save}
           </Button>
         )}
       </div>
@@ -106,12 +112,12 @@ export function KeyField({
                 type="button"
                 variant="text"
               >
-                Remove
+                {t.settings.credentials.remove}
               </Button>
-              <span className="text-muted-foreground">or</span>
+              <span className="text-muted-foreground">{t.settings.credentials.or}</span>
             </>
           )}
-          <span className="text-muted-foreground">esc to cancel</span>
+          <span className="text-muted-foreground">{t.settings.credentials.escToCancel}</span>
         </div>
       )}
     </div>
@@ -119,6 +125,8 @@ export function KeyField({
 }
 
 function CredentialDocsLink({ href }: { href: string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
   return (
     <a
       className="inline-flex w-fit items-center gap-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary) underline-offset-4 transition-colors hover:text-foreground hover:underline"
@@ -127,7 +135,7 @@ function CredentialDocsLink({ href }: { href: string }) {
       rel="noreferrer"
       target="_blank"
     >
-      Get a key
+      {t.settings.credentials.getKey}
       <ExternalLink className="size-3" />
     </a>
   )
@@ -223,6 +231,7 @@ export function CredentialKeyCard({
 
 /** Provider API key group — collapsible card; description, docs link, and advanced fields expand on click. */
 export function ProviderKeyRows({ expanded, group, onExpand, onToggle, rowProps }: ProviderKeyRowsProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const docsUrl = group.docsUrl?.trim()
   const description = group.description?.trim()
   const expandable = Boolean(description || docsUrl || group.advanced.length > 0)
@@ -283,7 +292,7 @@ export function ProviderKeyRows({ expanded, group, onExpand, onToggle, rowProps
         >
           <KeyField
             info={group.primary[1]}
-            placeholder={`Paste ${group.name} key`}
+            placeholder={t.settings.credentials.pasteLabelKey(group.name)}
             rowProps={rowProps}
             varKey={group.primary[0]}
           />

apps/desktop/src/app/settings/env-credentials.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
 
 import { deleteEnvVar, getEnvVars, revealEnvVar, setEnvVar } from '@/hermes'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { type IconComponent } from '@/lib/icons'
 import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
 import type { EnvVarInfo } from '@/types/hermes'
@@ -41,6 +42,9 @@ export function SettingsCategoryHeading({ count, icon: Icon, title }: CategoryHe
 // credential pages (Providers, Keys) share one source of truth and one set of
 // mutation handlers instead of duplicating the plumbing.
 export function useEnvCredentials(): UseEnvCredentials {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const credentials = t.settings.credentials
+  const toolsets = t.settings.toolsets
   const [vars, setVars] = useState<Record<string, EnvVarInfo> | null>(null)
   const [edits, setEdits] = useState<Record<string, string>>({})
   const [revealed, setRevealed] = useState<Record<string, string>>({})
@@ -67,7 +71,7 @@ export function useEnvCredentials(): UseEnvCredentials {
           setVars(next)
         }
       } catch (err) {
-        notifyError(err, 'API keys failed to load')
+        notifyError(err, t.settings.keys.failedLoad)
       }
     })()
 
@@ -96,9 +100,9 @@ export function useEnvCredentials(): UseEnvCredentials {
       await setEnvVar(key, value)
       patchVar(key, { is_set: true, redacted_value: redactedValue(value) })
       clearLocalState(key)
-      notify({ kind: 'success', title: 'Credential saved', message: `${key} updated.` })
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: toolsets.savedTitle, message: toolsets.savedMessage(key) })
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, `Failed to save ${key}`)
+      notifyError(err, toolsets.failedSave(key))
     } finally {
       setSaving(null)
     }
@@ -111,7 +115,7 @@ export function useEnvCredentials(): UseEnvCredentials {
     const trimmed = value.trim()
 
     if (!trimmed) {
-      return { message: 'Enter a value first.', ok: false }
+      return { message: credentials.enterValueFirst, ok: false }
     }
 
     setSaving(key)
@@ -120,20 +124,20 @@ export function useEnvCredentials(): UseEnvCredentials {
       await setEnvVar(key, trimmed)
       patchVar(key, { is_set: true, redacted_value: redactedValue(trimmed) })
       clearLocalState(key)
-      notify({ kind: 'success', message: `${key} updated.`, title: 'Credential saved' })
+      notify({ kind: 'success', message: toolsets.savedMessage(key), title: toolsets.savedTitle })
 
       return { ok: true }
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, `Failed to save ${key}`)
+      notifyError(err, toolsets.failedSave(key))
 
-      return { message: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Could not save credential.', ok: false }
+      return { message: err instanceof Error ? err.message : credentials.couldNotSave, ok: false }
     } finally {
       setSaving(null)
     }
   }
 
   async function handleClear(key: string) {
-    if (!window.confirm(`Remove ${key} from .env?`)) {
+    if (!window.confirm(toolsets.removeConfirm(key))) {
       return
     }
 
@@ -143,9 +147,9 @@ export function useEnvCredentials(): UseEnvCredentials {
       await deleteEnvVar(key)
       patchVar(key, { is_set: false, redacted_value: null })
       clearLocalState(key)
-      notify({ kind: 'success', title: 'Credential removed', message: `${key} removed.` })
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: toolsets.removedTitle, message: toolsets.removedMessage(key) })
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, `Failed to remove ${key}`)
+      notifyError(err, toolsets.failedRemove(key))
     } finally {
       setSaving(null)
     }
@@ -162,7 +166,7 @@ export function useEnvCredentials(): UseEnvCredentials {
       const result = await revealEnvVar(key)
       setRevealed(c => ({ ...c, [key]: result.value }))
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, `Failed to reveal ${key}`)
+      notifyError(err, toolsets.failedReveal(key))
     }
   }
 

apps/desktop/src/app/settings/env-var-actions-menu.tsx

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   DropdownMenuSeparator,
   DropdownMenuTrigger
 } from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { Eye, EyeOff, ExternalLink, Trash2 } from '@/lib/icons'
 import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
@@ -41,6 +42,8 @@ export function EnvVarActionsMenu({
   showReveal = true,
   sideOffset = 6
 }: EnvVarActionsMenuProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.envActions
   const hasClear = isSet && onClear
   const hasReveal = isSet && showReveal && onReveal
   const hasDocs = Boolean(docsUrl?.trim())
@@ -50,7 +53,7 @@ export function EnvVarActionsMenu({
       <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>{children}</DropdownMenuTrigger>
       <DropdownMenuContent
         align={align}
-        aria-label={`Actions for ${label}`}
+        aria-label={copy.actionsFor(label)}
         className="w-44"
         sideOffset={sideOffset}
       >
@@ -63,7 +66,7 @@ export function EnvVarActionsMenu({
             }}
           >
             <ExternalLink className="size-3.5" />
-            <span>Docs</span>
+            <span>{copy.docs}</span>
           </DropdownMenuItem>
         )}
 
@@ -75,7 +78,7 @@ export function EnvVarActionsMenu({
             }}
           >
             {isRevealed ? <EyeOff className="size-3.5" /> : <Eye className="size-3.5" />}
-            <span>{isRevealed ? 'Hide value' : 'Reveal value'}</span>
+            <span>{isRevealed ? copy.hideValue : copy.revealValue}</span>
           </DropdownMenuItem>
         )}
 
@@ -86,7 +89,7 @@ export function EnvVarActionsMenu({
           }}
         >
           <Codicon name="edit" size="0.875rem" />
-          <span>{isSet ? 'Replace' : 'Set'}</span>
+          <span>{isSet ? copy.replace : copy.set}</span>
         </DropdownMenuItem>
 
         {hasClear && (
@@ -101,7 +104,7 @@ export function EnvVarActionsMenu({
               variant="destructive"
             >
               <Trash2 className="size-3.5" />
-              <span>Clear</span>
+              <span>{copy.clear}</span>
             </DropdownMenuItem>
           </>
         )}
@@ -115,12 +118,15 @@ interface EnvVarActionsTriggerProps extends Omit<React.ComponentProps<typeof But
 }
 
 export function EnvVarActionsTrigger({ className, label, ...props }: EnvVarActionsTriggerProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.envActions
+
   return (
     <Button
-      aria-label={`Actions for ${label}`}
+      aria-label={copy.actionsFor(label)}
       className={cn('text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground', className)}
       size="icon-sm"
-      title="Credential actions"
+      title={copy.credentialActions}
       variant="ghost"
       {...props}
     >

apps/desktop/src/app/settings/field-copy.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+export interface FieldCopyTree {
+  [key: string]: string | FieldCopyTree
+}
+
+function schemaSegmentToFieldCopySegment(segment: string): string {
+  return segment.replace(/_([a-z0-9])/g, (_, char: string) => char.toUpperCase())
+}
+
+function isFieldCopyTree(value: unknown): value is FieldCopyTree {
+  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
+}
+
+export function schemaKeyToFieldCopyKey(schemaKey: string): string {
+  return schemaKey.split('.').map(schemaSegmentToFieldCopySegment).join('.')
+}
+
+export function fieldCopyForSchemaKey(copy: Record<string, string>, schemaKey: string): string | undefined {
+  return copy[schemaKeyToFieldCopyKey(schemaKey)] ?? copy[schemaKey]
+}
+
+export function defineFieldCopy(copy: FieldCopyTree): Record<string, string> {
+  const result: Record<string, string> = {}
+
+  const visit = (node: FieldCopyTree, prefix: string[] = []) => {
+    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(node)) {
+      const parts = key.split('.')
+
+      if (parts.some(part => part.length === 0)) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid field copy key: ${[...prefix, key].join('.')}`)
+      }
+
+      const path = [...prefix, ...parts]
+
+      if (typeof value === 'string') {
+        const flatKey = path.join('.')
+
+        if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(result, flatKey)) {
+          throw new Error(`Duplicate field copy key: ${flatKey}`)
+        }
+
+        result[flatKey] = value
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (!isFieldCopyTree(value)) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid field copy value for key: ${path.join('.')}`)
+      }
+
+      visit(value, path)
+    }
+  }
+
+  visit(copy)
+
+  return result
+}

apps/desktop/src/app/settings/gateway-settings.tsx

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
 import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
 import type { DesktopAuthProvider, DesktopConnectionProbeResult } from '@/global'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { AlertCircle, Check, FileText, Globe, Loader2, LogIn, Monitor } from '@/lib/icons'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
@@ -94,6 +95,8 @@ function ScopeChip({ active, label, onSelect }: { active: boolean; label: string
 }
 
 export function GatewaySettings() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const g = t.settings.gateway
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
   const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false)
   const [testing, setTesting] = useState(false)
@@ -144,7 +147,7 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
 
         setState(config)
       })
-      .catch(err => notifyError(err, 'Gateway settings failed to load'))
+      .catch(err => notifyError(err, g.failedLoad))
       .finally(() => {
         if (!cancelled) {
           setLoading(false)
@@ -242,8 +245,8 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
       return providers.map(p => p.displayName || p.name).join(' / ')
     }
 
-    return 'your identity provider'
-  }, [probe])
+    return t.boot.failure.identityProvider
+  }, [probe, t.boot.failure.identityProvider])
 
   // A username/password gateway authenticates through a credential form on the
   // gateway's /login page (POST /auth/password-login) rather than an OAuth
@@ -288,11 +291,11 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
     if (state.mode === 'remote' && !canUseRemote) {
       notify({
         kind: 'warning',
-        title: 'Remote gateway incomplete',
+        title: g.incompleteTitle,
         message:
           authMode === 'oauth'
-            ? 'Enter a remote URL and sign in before switching to remote.'
-            : 'Enter a remote URL and session token before switching to remote.'
+            ? g.incompleteSignIn
+            : g.incompleteToken
       })
 
       return
@@ -309,11 +312,11 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
       setRemoteToken('')
       notify({
         kind: 'success',
-        title: apply ? 'Gateway connection restarting' : 'Gateway settings saved',
-        message: apply ? 'Hermes Desktop will reconnect using the saved settings.' : 'Saved for the next restart.'
+        title: apply ? g.restartingTitle : g.savedTitle,
+        message: apply ? g.restartingMessage : g.savedMessage
       })
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, apply ? 'Could not apply gateway settings' : 'Could not save gateway settings')
+      notifyError(err, apply ? g.applyFailed : g.saveFailed)
     } finally {
       setSaving(false)
     }
@@ -324,7 +327,7 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
   // refresh the connection status from the saved config once it completes.
   const signIn = async () => {
     if (!trimmedUrl) {
-      notify({ kind: 'warning', title: 'Remote gateway incomplete', message: 'Enter a remote URL first.' })
+      notify({ kind: 'warning', title: g.incompleteTitle, message: g.enterUrlFirst })
 
       return
     }
@@ -348,16 +351,16 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
       if (result.connected) {
         const refreshed = await window.hermesDesktop.getConnectionConfig(scope)
         setState(refreshed)
-        notify({ kind: 'success', title: 'Signed in', message: `Connected to ${providerLabel}.` })
+        notify({ kind: 'success', title: g.signedIn, message: g.connectedTo(providerLabel) })
       } else {
         notify({
           kind: 'warning',
-          title: 'Sign-in incomplete',
-          message: 'The login window closed before authentication finished.'
+          title: t.boot.failure.signInIncompleteTitle,
+          message: t.boot.failure.signInIncompleteMessage
         })
       }
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, 'Sign-in failed')
+      notifyError(err, g.signInFailed)
     } finally {
       setSigningIn(false)
     }
@@ -370,9 +373,9 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
       await window.hermesDesktop.oauthLogoutConnectionConfig(trimmedUrl || undefined)
       const refreshed = await window.hermesDesktop.getConnectionConfig(scope)
       setState(refreshed)
-      notify({ kind: 'success', title: 'Signed out', message: 'Cleared the remote gateway session.' })
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: g.signedOutTitle, message: g.signedOutMessage })
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, 'Sign-out failed')
+      notifyError(err, g.signOutFailed)
     } finally {
       setSigningIn(false)
     }
@@ -382,11 +385,11 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
     if (!canUseRemote) {
       notify({
         kind: 'warning',
-        title: 'Remote gateway incomplete',
+        title: g.incompleteTitle,
         message:
           authMode === 'oauth'
-            ? 'Enter a remote URL and sign in before testing.'
-            : 'Enter a remote URL and session token before testing.'
+            ? g.incompleteSignInTest
+            : g.incompleteTokenTest
       })
 
       return
@@ -404,25 +407,25 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
         remoteUrl: trimmedUrl
       })
 
-      const message = `Connected to ${result.baseUrl}${result.version ? ` · Hermes ${result.version}` : ''}`
+      const message = g.connectedTo(result.baseUrl, result.version ?? undefined)
       setLastTest(message)
-      notify({ kind: 'success', title: 'Remote gateway reachable', message })
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: g.reachableTitle, message })
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, 'Remote gateway test failed')
+      notifyError(err, g.testFailed)
     } finally {
       setTesting(false)
     }
   }
 
   if (loading) {
-    return <LoadingState label="Loading gateway settings..." />
+    return <LoadingState label={g.loading} />
   }
 
   if (!window.hermesDesktop?.getConnectionConfig) {
     return (
       <EmptyState
-        description="The desktop IPC bridge does not expose gateway settings."
-        title="Gateway settings unavailable"
+        description={g.unavailableDesc}
+        title={g.unavailableTitle}
       />
     )
   }
@@ -432,23 +435,21 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
       <div className="mb-5">
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-text-font-size)] font-medium">
           <Globe className="size-4 text-muted-foreground" />
-          Gateway Connection
-          {state.envOverride ? <Pill tone="primary">env override</Pill> : null}
+          {g.title}
+          {state.envOverride ? <Pill tone="primary">{g.envOverride}</Pill> : null}
         </div>
         <p className="mt-2 max-w-2xl text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
-          Hermes Desktop starts its own local gateway by default. Use a remote gateway when you want this app to control
-          an already-running Hermes backend on another machine or behind a trusted proxy. Pick a profile below to give it
-          its own remote host.
+          {g.intro}
         </p>
       </div>
 
       {namedProfiles.length > 0 ? (
         <div className="mb-5 grid gap-2">
           <div className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] font-medium text-(--ui-text-secondary)">
-            Applies to
+            {g.appliesTo}
           </div>
           <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-1.5">
-            <ScopeChip active={scope === null} label="All profiles" onSelect={() => setScope(null)} />
+            <ScopeChip active={scope === null} label={g.allProfiles} onSelect={() => setScope(null)} />
             {namedProfiles.map(profile => (
               <ScopeChip
                 active={scope === profile.name}
@@ -459,9 +460,7 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
             ))}
           </div>
           <p className="text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
-            {scope === null
-              ? 'Default connection for every profile that has no override of its own.'
-              : `Connection used only when “${scope}” is the active profile. Set it to Local to inherit the default.`}
+            {scope === null ? g.defaultConnection : g.profileConnection(scope)}
           </p>
         </div>
       ) : null}
@@ -470,10 +469,9 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
         <div className="mb-5 flex items-start gap-2 rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 px-3 py-2.5 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-destructive">
           <AlertCircle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0" />
           <div>
-            <div className="font-medium">Environment variables are controlling this desktop session.</div>
+            <div className="font-medium">{g.envOverrideTitle}</div>
             <div className="mt-1 leading-5">
-              Unset <code>HERMES_DESKTOP_REMOTE_URL</code> and <code>HERMES_DESKTOP_REMOTE_TOKEN</code> to use the saved
-              setting below.
+              {g.envOverrideDesc}
             </div>
           </div>
         </div>
@@ -482,19 +480,19 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
       <div className="grid gap-3 sm:grid-cols-2">
         <ModeCard
           active={state.mode === 'local'}
-          description="Start a private Hermes backend on localhost. This is the default and works offline."
+          description={g.localDesc}
           disabled={state.envOverride}
           icon={Monitor}
           onSelect={() => setState(current => ({ ...current, mode: 'local' }))}
-          title="Local gateway"
+          title={g.localTitle}
         />
         <ModeCard
           active={state.mode === 'remote'}
-          description="Connect this desktop shell to a remote Hermes backend. Hosted gateways use OAuth or a username and password; self-hosted ones may use a session token."
+          description={g.remoteDesc}
           disabled={state.envOverride}
           icon={Globe}
           onSelect={() => setState(current => ({ ...current, mode: 'remote' }))}
-          title="Remote gateway"
+          title={g.remoteTitle}
         />
       </div>
 
@@ -509,21 +507,21 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
               value={state.remoteUrl}
             />
           }
-          description="Base URL for the remote dashboard backend. Path prefixes are supported, for example /hermes."
-          title="Remote URL"
+          description={g.remoteUrlDesc}
+          title={g.remoteUrlTitle}
         />
 
         {state.mode === 'remote' && probeStatus === 'probing' ? (
           <div className="flex items-center gap-2 py-3 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
             <Loader2 className="size-4 animate-spin" />
-            Checking how this gateway authenticates…
+            {g.probing}
           </div>
         ) : null}
 
         {state.mode === 'remote' && probeStatus === 'error' ? (
           <div className="flex items-start gap-2 py-3 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
             <AlertCircle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0" />
-            Could not reach this gateway yet. Check the URL — the auth method will appear once it responds.
+            {g.probeError}
           </div>
         ) : null}
 
@@ -534,30 +532,30 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
               oauthConnected ? (
                 <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                   <Pill tone="primary">
-                    <Check className="size-3" /> Signed in
+                    <Check className="size-3" /> {g.signedIn}
                   </Pill>
                   <Button disabled={signingIn || state.envOverride} onClick={() => void signOut()} variant="outline">
                     {signingIn ? <Loader2 className="size-4 animate-spin" /> : null}
-                    Sign out
+                    {g.signOut}
                   </Button>
                 </div>
               ) : (
                 <Button disabled={signingIn || state.envOverride || !trimmedUrl} onClick={() => void signIn()}>
                   {signingIn ? <Loader2 className="size-4 animate-spin" /> : <LogIn className="size-4" />}
-                  {isPasswordProvider ? 'Sign in' : `Sign in with ${providerLabel}`}
+                  {isPasswordProvider ? g.signIn : g.signInWith(providerLabel)}
                 </Button>
               )
             }
             description={
               oauthConnected
                 ? isPasswordProvider
-                  ? 'This gateway uses a username and password. You are signed in; the session refreshes automatically.'
-                  : 'This gateway uses OAuth. You are signed in; the session refreshes automatically.'
+                  ? g.authSignedInPassword
+                  : g.authSignedInOauth
                 : isPasswordProvider
-                  ? 'This gateway uses a username and password. Sign in to authorize this desktop app.'
-                  : `This gateway uses OAuth. Sign in with ${providerLabel} to authorize this desktop app.`
+                  ? g.authNeedsPassword
+                  : g.authNeedsOauth(providerLabel)
             }
-            title="Authentication"
+            title={g.authTitle}
           />
         ) : null}
 
@@ -571,14 +569,14 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
                 disabled={state.envOverride}
                 onChange={event => setRemoteToken(event.target.value)}
                 placeholder={
-                  state.remoteTokenSet ? `Existing token ${state.remoteTokenPreview ?? 'saved'}` : 'Paste session token'
+                  state.remoteTokenSet ? g.existingToken(state.remoteTokenPreview ?? g.savedToken) : g.pasteSessionToken
                 }
                 type="password"
                 value={remoteToken}
               />
             }
-            description="The dashboard session token used for REST and WebSocket access. Leave blank to keep the saved token."
-            title="Session token"
+            description={g.tokenDesc}
+            title={g.tokenTitle}
           />
         ) : null}
       </div>
@@ -594,14 +592,14 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
           variant="text"
         >
           {testing ? <Loader2 className="size-4 animate-spin" /> : null}
-          Test remote
+          {g.testRemote}
         </Button>
         <Button disabled={state.envOverride || saving} onClick={() => void save(false)} size="sm" variant="textStrong">
-          Save for next restart
+          {g.saveForRestart}
         </Button>
         <Button disabled={state.envOverride || saving} onClick={() => void save(true)} size="sm">
           {saving ? <Loader2 className="size-4 animate-spin" /> : null}
-          Save and reconnect
+          {g.saveAndReconnect}
         </Button>
       </div>
 
@@ -610,11 +608,11 @@ export function GatewaySettings() {
           action={
             <Button onClick={() => void window.hermesDesktop?.revealLogs()} size="sm" variant="textStrong">
               <FileText className="size-4" />
-              Open logs
+              {g.openLogs}
             </Button>
           }
-          description="Reveal desktop.log in your file manager — useful when the gateway fails to start."
-          title="Diagnostics"
+          description={g.diagnosticsDesc}
+          title={g.diagnostics}
         />
       </div>
     </SettingsContent>

apps/desktop/src/app/settings/helpers.test.ts

@@ -2,9 +2,80 @@ import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
 
 import type { HermesConfigRecord } from '@/types/hermes'
 
+import { defineFieldCopy, fieldCopyForSchemaKey, schemaKeyToFieldCopyKey } from './field-copy'
 import { getNested, providerGroup, setNested, stripToolsetLabel, toolsetDisplayLabel } from './helpers'
 
 describe('settings helpers', () => {
+  describe('defineFieldCopy', () => {
+    it('flattens nested field copy paths', () => {
+      const copy = defineFieldCopy({
+        display: {
+          personality: 'Personality'
+        },
+        stt: {
+          elevenlabs: {
+            language_code: 'Language'
+          }
+        }
+      })
+
+      expect(copy[['display', 'personality'].join('.')]).toBe('Personality')
+      expect(copy[['stt', 'elevenlabs', 'language_code'].join('.')]).toBe('Language')
+    })
+
+    it('keeps top-level flat field keys', () => {
+      expect(
+        defineFieldCopy({
+          model_context_length: 'Context Window',
+          file_read_max_chars: 'File Read Limit'
+        })
+      ).toEqual({
+        model_context_length: 'Context Window',
+        file_read_max_chars: 'File Read Limit'
+      })
+    })
+
+    it('maps schema keys to camelCase translation keys', () => {
+      expect(schemaKeyToFieldCopyKey('model_context_length')).toBe('modelContextLength')
+      expect(schemaKeyToFieldCopyKey('display.show_reasoning')).toBe('display.showReasoning')
+      expect(schemaKeyToFieldCopyKey('tool_output.max_line_length')).toBe('toolOutput.maxLineLength')
+      expect(schemaKeyToFieldCopyKey('updates.non_interactive_local_changes')).toBe(
+        'updates.nonInteractiveLocalChanges'
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('looks up camelCase field copy by schema key with legacy fallback', () => {
+      const copy = defineFieldCopy({
+        display: {
+          showReasoning: 'Reasoning Blocks'
+        },
+        file_read_max_chars: 'Legacy File Read Limit',
+        modelContextLength: 'Context Window',
+        toolOutput: {
+          maxLineLength: 'Line Length Limit'
+        }
+      })
+
+      expect(fieldCopyForSchemaKey(copy, 'model_context_length')).toBe('Context Window')
+      expect(fieldCopyForSchemaKey(copy, 'display.show_reasoning')).toBe('Reasoning Blocks')
+      expect(fieldCopyForSchemaKey(copy, 'tool_output.max_line_length')).toBe('Line Length Limit')
+      expect(fieldCopyForSchemaKey(copy, 'file_read_max_chars')).toBe('Legacy File Read Limit')
+    })
+
+    it('rejects duplicate flattened paths', () => {
+      const duplicateKey = ['display', 'personality'].join('.')
+
+      expect(() =>
+        defineFieldCopy({
+          display: {
+            personality: 'Personality'
+          },
+          [duplicateKey]: 'Duplicate'
+        })
+      ).toThrow('Duplicate field copy key: display.personality')
+    })
+  })
+
   it('reads and writes nested config paths', () => {
     const config: HermesConfigRecord = { display: { theme: 'mono' } }
     const next = setNested(config, 'display.theme', 'slate')

apps/desktop/src/app/settings/index.tsx

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ export function SettingsView({ gateway, onClose, onConfigSaved, onMainModelChang
           <OverlayNavItem
             active={activeView === 'providers'}
             icon={Zap}
-            label="Providers"
+            label={t.settings.nav.providers}
             onClick={() => setActiveView('providers')}
           />
           {activeView === 'providers' && (
@@ -113,14 +113,14 @@ export function SettingsView({ gateway, onClose, onConfigSaved, onMainModelChang
               <OverlayNavItem
                 active={providerView === 'accounts'}
                 icon={Sparkles}
-                label="Accounts"
+                label={t.settings.nav.providerAccounts}
                 nested
                 onClick={() => openProviderView('accounts')}
               />
               <OverlayNavItem
                 active={providerView === 'keys'}
                 icon={KeyRound}
-                label="API keys"
+                label={t.settings.nav.providerApiKeys}
                 nested
                 onClick={() => openProviderView('keys')}
               />
@@ -143,14 +143,14 @@ export function SettingsView({ gateway, onClose, onConfigSaved, onMainModelChang
               <OverlayNavItem
                 active={keysView === 'tools'}
                 icon={Wrench}
-                label="Tools"
+                label={t.settings.nav.keysTools}
                 nested
                 onClick={() => openKeysView('tools')}
               />
               <OverlayNavItem
                 active={keysView === 'settings'}
                 icon={Settings2}
-                label="Settings"
+                label={t.settings.nav.keysSettings}
                 nested
                 onClick={() => openKeysView('settings')}
               />

apps/desktop/src/app/settings/keys-settings.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
 
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import type { EnvVarInfo } from '@/types/hermes'
 
 import { CredentialKeyCard, credentialPlaceholder, credentialRowLabel } from './credential-key-ui'
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ const VIEW_CATEGORIES: Record<KeysView, readonly string[]> = {
 }
 
 export function KeysSettings({ view }: KeysSettingsProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const { rowProps, vars } = useEnvCredentials()
   const [openKey, setOpenKey] = useState<null | string>(null)
 
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ export function KeysSettings({ view }: KeysSettingsProps) {
   }, [vars])
 
   if (!vars) {
-    return <LoadingState label="Loading API keys and credentials..." />
+    return <LoadingState label={t.settings.keys.loading} />
   }
 
   const visible = groups.filter(g => g.category === view)
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ export function KeysSettings({ view }: KeysSettingsProps) {
 
       {visible.length === 0 && (
         <div className="rounded-lg border border-dashed border-(--ui-stroke-tertiary) px-4 py-8 text-center text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-muted-foreground">
-          Nothing configured in this category yet.
+          {t.settings.keys.empty}
         </div>
       )}
     </SettingsContent>

apps/desktop/src/app/settings/mcp-settings.tsx

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
 import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
 import { Textarea } from '@/components/ui/textarea'
 import { getHermesConfigRecord, type HermesGateway, saveHermesConfig } from '@/hermes'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { Wrench } from '@/lib/icons'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
@@ -43,6 +44,8 @@ const transportLabel = (server: Record<string, unknown>) =>
         : 'custom'
 
 export function McpSettings({ gateway, onConfigSaved }: McpSettingsProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const m = t.settings.mcp
   const activeSessionId = useStore($activeSessionId)
   const [config, setConfig] = useState<HermesConfigRecord | null>(null)
   const [selected, setSelected] = useState<string | null>(null)
@@ -64,7 +67,7 @@ export function McpSettings({ gateway, onConfigSaved }: McpSettingsProps) {
         const first = Object.keys(getServers(next)).sort()[0] ?? null
         setSelected(first)
       })
-      .catch(err => notifyError(err, 'MCP config failed to load'))
+      .catch(err => notifyError(err, m.failedLoad))
 
     return () => void (cancelled = true)
   }, [])
@@ -88,14 +91,14 @@ export function McpSettings({ gateway, onConfigSaved }: McpSettingsProps) {
   }, [selected, servers])
 
   if (!config) {
-    return <LoadingState label="Loading MCP servers..." />
+    return <LoadingState label={m.loading} />
   }
 
   const saveServer = async () => {
     const nextName = name.trim()
 
     if (!nextName) {
-      notify({ kind: 'error', title: 'Name required', message: 'Give this MCP server a config key.' })
+      notify({ kind: 'error', title: m.nameRequiredTitle, message: m.nameRequiredMessage })
 
       return
     }
@@ -106,12 +109,12 @@ export function McpSettings({ gateway, onConfigSaved }: McpSettingsProps) {
       const raw = JSON.parse(body)
 
       if (!raw || typeof raw !== 'object' || Array.isArray(raw)) {
-        throw new Error('Server config must be a JSON object')
+        throw new Error(m.objectRequired)
       }
 
       parsed = raw as Record<string, unknown>
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, 'Invalid MCP JSON')
+      notifyError(err, m.invalidJson)
 
       return
     }
@@ -132,9 +135,9 @@ export function McpSettings({ gateway, onConfigSaved }: McpSettingsProps) {
       setConfig(nextConfig)
       setSelected(nextName)
       onConfigSaved?.()
-      notify({ kind: 'success', title: 'MCP server saved', message: `${nextName} applies after MCP reload.` })
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: m.savedTitle, message: m.savedMessage(nextName) })
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, 'Save failed')
+      notifyError(err, m.saveFailed)
     } finally {
       setSaving(false)
     }
@@ -153,7 +156,7 @@ export function McpSettings({ gateway, onConfigSaved }: McpSettingsProps) {
       setSelected(Object.keys(nextServers).sort()[0] ?? null)
       onConfigSaved?.()
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, 'Remove failed')
+      notifyError(err, m.removeFailed)
     } finally {
       setSaving(false)
     }
@@ -161,7 +164,7 @@ export function McpSettings({ gateway, onConfigSaved }: McpSettingsProps) {
 
   const reloadMcp = async () => {
     if (!gateway) {
-      notify({ kind: 'warning', title: 'Gateway unavailable', message: 'Reconnect the gateway before reloading MCP.' })
+      notify({ kind: 'warning', title: m.gatewayUnavailableTitle, message: m.gatewayUnavailableMessage })
 
       return
     }
@@ -173,9 +176,9 @@ export function McpSettings({ gateway, onConfigSaved }: McpSettingsProps) {
         confirm: true,
         session_id: activeSessionId ?? undefined
       })
-      notify({ kind: 'success', title: 'MCP tools reloaded', message: 'New tool schemas apply to fresh turns.' })
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: m.reloadedTitle, message: m.reloadedMessage })
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, 'MCP reload failed')
+      notifyError(err, m.reloadFailed)
     } finally {
       setReloading(false)
     }
@@ -185,17 +188,17 @@ export function McpSettings({ gateway, onConfigSaved }: McpSettingsProps) {
     <SettingsContent>
       <div className="mb-4 flex items-center justify-end gap-4">
         <Button onClick={() => setSelected(null)} size="xs" variant="text">
-          New server
+          {m.newServer}
         </Button>
         <Button disabled={reloading} onClick={() => void reloadMcp()} size="xs" variant="text">
-          {reloading ? 'Reloading...' : 'Reload MCP'}
+          {reloading ? m.reloading : m.reload}
         </Button>
       </div>
 
       <div className="grid min-h-0 gap-6 lg:grid-cols-[16rem_minmax(0,1fr)]">
         <div className="min-h-64">
           {names.length === 0 ? (
-            <EmptyState description="Add a stdio or HTTP server to expose MCP tools." title="No MCP servers" />
+            <EmptyState description={m.emptyDesc} title={m.emptyTitle} />
           ) : (
             <div className="grid gap-0.5">
               {names.map(serverName => {
@@ -216,7 +219,7 @@ export function McpSettings({ gateway, onConfigSaved }: McpSettingsProps) {
                     <div className="truncate text-sm font-medium">{serverName}</div>
                     <div className="mt-1 flex items-center gap-1.5">
                       <Pill>{transportLabel(server)}</Pill>
-                      {server.disabled === true && <Pill>disabled</Pill>}
+                      {server.disabled === true && <Pill>{m.disabled}</Pill>}
                     </div>
                   </button>
                 )
@@ -228,14 +231,14 @@ export function McpSettings({ gateway, onConfigSaved }: McpSettingsProps) {
         <div className="grid content-start gap-3">
           <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm font-medium">
             <Wrench className="size-4 text-muted-foreground" />
-            {selected ? 'Edit server' : 'New server'}
+            {selected ? m.editServer : m.newServer}
           </div>
           <label className="grid gap-1.5">
-            <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Name</span>
+            <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{m.name}</span>
             <Input onChange={event => setName(event.currentTarget.value)} placeholder="filesystem" value={name} />
           </label>
           <label className="grid gap-1.5">
-            <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Server JSON</span>
+            <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{m.serverJson}</span>
             <Textarea
               className="min-h-80 font-mono text-xs"
               onChange={event => setBody(event.currentTarget.value)}
@@ -252,13 +255,13 @@ export function McpSettings({ gateway, onConfigSaved }: McpSettingsProps) {
                 size="xs"
                 variant="text"
               >
-                Remove
+                {m.remove}
               </Button>
             ) : (
               <span />
             )}
             <Button disabled={saving} onClick={() => void saveServer()} size="sm">
-              {saving ? 'Saving...' : 'Save server'}
+              {saving ? t.common.saving : m.saveServer}
             </Button>
           </div>
         </div>

apps/desktop/src/app/settings/model-settings.tsx

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
 import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from '@/components/ui/select'
 import { getAuxiliaryModels, getGlobalModelInfo, getGlobalModelOptions, setModelAssignment } from '@/hermes'
 import type { AuxiliaryModelsResponse, ModelOptionProvider, StaleAuxAssignment } from '@/hermes'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { AlertTriangle, Cpu, Loader2 } from '@/lib/icons'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 
@@ -14,43 +15,34 @@ import { ListRow, LoadingState, Pill, SectionHeading } from './primitives'
 // hints make the assignments readable; raw task keys (vision, mcp, …) are
 // opaque to most users.
 interface AuxTaskMeta {
-  hint: string
   key: string
-  label: string
 }
 
 const AUX_TASKS: readonly AuxTaskMeta[] = [
-  { key: 'vision', label: 'Vision', hint: 'Image analysis' },
-  { key: 'web_extract', label: 'Web extract', hint: 'Page summarization' },
-  { key: 'compression', label: 'Compression', hint: 'Context compaction' },
-  { key: 'skills_hub', label: 'Skills hub', hint: 'Skill search' },
-  { key: 'approval', label: 'Approval', hint: 'Smart auto-approve' },
-  { key: 'mcp', label: 'MCP', hint: 'MCP tool routing' },
-  { key: 'title_generation', label: 'Title gen', hint: 'Session titles' },
-  { key: 'curator', label: 'Curator', hint: 'Skill-usage review' }
+  { key: 'vision' },
+  { key: 'web_extract' },
+  { key: 'compression' },
+  { key: 'skills_hub' },
+  { key: 'approval' },
+  { key: 'mcp' },
+  { key: 'title_generation' },
+  { key: 'curator' }
 ]
 
 const NO_PROVIDERS: readonly ModelOptionProvider[] = [{ name: '—', slug: '', models: [] }]
 
-const AUX_TASK_LABELS: Record<string, string> = Object.fromEntries(
-  AUX_TASKS.map(meta => [meta.key, meta.label])
-)
-
-function taskLabel(key: string): string {
-  return AUX_TASK_LABELS[key] ?? key
-}
-
 interface StaleAuxWarningProps {
   applying: boolean
   onReset: () => void
   slots: readonly StaleAuxAssignment[]
+  taskLabel: (key: string) => string
 }
 
 // Shared notice: auxiliary tasks still pinned to a provider that isn't the
 // current main. Surfaces the silent credit-burn path (e.g. aux pinned to a
 // $0-balance provider after switching main away from it) and offers the
 // existing one-click reset rather than auto-clearing legitimate pins.
-function StaleAuxWarning({ applying, onReset, slots }: StaleAuxWarningProps) {
+function StaleAuxWarning({ applying, onReset, slots, taskLabel }: StaleAuxWarningProps) {
   if (!slots.length) {
     return null
   }
@@ -79,6 +71,8 @@ interface ModelSettingsProps {
 }
 
 export function ModelSettings({ onMainModelChanged }: ModelSettingsProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const m = t.settings.model
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
   const [error, setError] = useState('')
   const [mainModel, setMainModel] = useState<{ model: string; provider: string } | null>(null)
@@ -132,6 +126,8 @@ export function ModelSettings({ onMainModelChanged }: ModelSettingsProps) {
     [auxDraft.provider, providers]
   )
 
+  const auxiliaryTaskLabel = useCallback((key: string) => m.tasks[key]?.label ?? key, [m.tasks])
+
   // Persistent mismatch: any aux slot pinned to a provider different from the
   // current main, regardless of whether the user just switched. Catches the
   // "I pinned aux months ago and forgot, now it bills a dead provider" case.
@@ -253,19 +249,19 @@ export function ModelSettings({ onMainModelChanged }: ModelSettingsProps) {
   }, [mainModel, refresh])
 
   if (loading && !mainModel) {
-    return <LoadingState label="Loading model configuration..." />
+    return <LoadingState label={m.loading} />
   }
 
   return (
     <div className="grid gap-6">
       <section>
         <p className="mb-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-          Applies to new sessions. Use the model picker in the composer to hot-swap the active chat.
+          {m.appliesDesc}
         </p>
         <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
           <Select onValueChange={setSelectedProvider} value={selectedProvider}>
             <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-40', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
-              <SelectValue placeholder="Provider" />
+              <SelectValue placeholder={m.provider} />
             </SelectTrigger>
             <SelectContent>
               {providerOptions.map(provider => (
@@ -277,7 +273,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({ onMainModelChanged }: ModelSettingsProps) {
           </Select>
           <Select onValueChange={setSelectedModel} value={selectedModel}>
             <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-60', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
-              <SelectValue placeholder="Model" />
+              <SelectValue placeholder={m.model} />
             </SelectTrigger>
             <SelectContent>
               {(selectedProviderModels.length ? selectedProviderModels : []).map(model => (
@@ -293,39 +289,50 @@ export function ModelSettings({ onMainModelChanged }: ModelSettingsProps) {
             size="sm"
           >
             {applying && <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" />}
-            {applying ? 'Applying...' : 'Apply'}
+            {applying ? m.applying : t.common.apply}
           </Button>
         </div>
         {error && <div className="mt-2 text-xs text-destructive">{error}</div>}
         {switchStaleAux.length > 0 && (
           <div className="mt-2">
-            <StaleAuxWarning applying={applying} onReset={() => void resetAuxiliaryModels()} slots={switchStaleAux} />
+            <StaleAuxWarning
+              applying={applying}
+              onReset={() => void resetAuxiliaryModels()}
+              slots={switchStaleAux}
+              taskLabel={auxiliaryTaskLabel}
+            />
           </div>
         )}
       </section>
 
       <section>
         <div className="mb-2.5 flex items-center justify-between">
-          <SectionHeading icon={Cpu} title="Auxiliary models" />
+          <SectionHeading icon={Cpu} title={m.auxiliaryTitle} />
           <Button
             disabled={!mainModel || applying}
             onClick={() => void resetAuxiliaryModels()}
             size="sm"
             variant="textStrong"
           >
-            Reset all to main
+            {m.resetAllToMain}
           </Button>
         </div>
         <p className="mb-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-          Helper tasks run on the main model by default. Assign a dedicated model to any task to override.
+          {m.auxiliaryDesc}
         </p>
         {switchStaleAux.length === 0 && persistentStaleAux.length > 0 && (
           <div className="mb-2.5">
-            <StaleAuxWarning applying={applying} onReset={() => void resetAuxiliaryModels()} slots={persistentStaleAux} />
+            <StaleAuxWarning
+              applying={applying}
+              onReset={() => void resetAuxiliaryModels()}
+              slots={persistentStaleAux}
+              taskLabel={auxiliaryTaskLabel}
+            />
           </div>
         )}
         <div className="grid gap-1">
           {AUX_TASKS.map(meta => {
+            const copy = m.tasks[meta.key] ?? { label: meta.key, hint: meta.key }
             const current = auxiliary?.tasks.find(entry => entry.task === meta.key)
             const isAuto = !current || !current.provider || current.provider === 'auto'
             const isEditing = editingAuxTask === meta.key
@@ -341,7 +348,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({ onMainModelChanged }: ModelSettingsProps) {
                         size="sm"
                         variant="text"
                       >
-                        Set to main
+                        {m.setToMain}
                       </Button>
                       <Button
                         disabled={!providers.length || applying}
@@ -349,7 +356,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({ onMainModelChanged }: ModelSettingsProps) {
                         size="sm"
                         variant="textStrong"
                       >
-                        Change
+                        {m.change}
                       </Button>
                     </div>
                   )
@@ -362,7 +369,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({ onMainModelChanged }: ModelSettingsProps) {
                         value={auxDraft.provider}
                       >
                         <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-32', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
-                          <SelectValue placeholder="Provider" />
+                          <SelectValue placeholder={m.provider} />
                         </SelectTrigger>
                         <SelectContent>
                           {providerOptions.map(provider => (
@@ -377,7 +384,7 @@ export function ModelSettings({ onMainModelChanged }: ModelSettingsProps) {
                         value={auxDraft.model}
                       >
                         <SelectTrigger className={cn('min-w-48', CONTROL_TEXT)}>
-                          <SelectValue placeholder="Model" />
+                          <SelectValue placeholder={m.model} />
                         </SelectTrigger>
                         <SelectContent>
                           {(auxDraftProviderModels.length ? auxDraftProviderModels : []).map(model => (
@@ -392,10 +399,10 @@ export function ModelSettings({ onMainModelChanged }: ModelSettingsProps) {
                         onClick={() => void applyAuxiliaryDraft(meta.key)}
                         size="sm"
                       >
-                        {applying ? 'Applying...' : 'Apply'}
+                        {applying ? m.applying : t.common.apply}
                       </Button>
                       <Button onClick={() => setEditingAuxTask(null)} size="sm" variant="ghost">
-                        Cancel
+                        {t.common.cancel}
                       </Button>
                     </div>
                   )
@@ -403,15 +410,15 @@ export function ModelSettings({ onMainModelChanged }: ModelSettingsProps) {
                 description={
                   <span className="font-mono text-[0.68rem]">
                     {isAuto
-                      ? 'auto · use main model'
-                      : `${current.provider} · ${current.model || '(provider default)'}`}
+                      ? m.autoUseMain
+                      : `${current.provider} · ${current.model || m.providerDefault}`}
                   </span>
                 }
                 key={meta.key}
                 title={
                   <span className="flex items-baseline gap-2">
-                    {meta.label}
-                    <Pill>{meta.hint}</Pill>
+                    {copy.label}
+                    <Pill>{copy.hint}</Pill>
                   </span>
                 }
               />

apps/desktop/src/app/settings/providers-settings.tsx

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
 } from '@/components/desktop-onboarding-overlay'
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
 import { listOAuthProviders } from '@/hermes'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { ChevronDown, KeyRound } from '@/lib/icons'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 import { $desktopOnboarding, startManualProviderOAuth } from '@/store/onboarding'
@@ -85,6 +86,8 @@ function buildProviderKeyGroups(vars: Record<string, EnvVarInfo>): ProviderKeyGr
 // that provider's real sign-in flow; the key affordances open the API-key
 // catalog below.
 function OAuthPicker({ onWantApiKey, providers }: { onWantApiKey: () => void; providers: OAuthProvider[] }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const p = t.settings.providers
   const [showAll, setShowAll] = useState(false)
   const ordered = useMemo(() => sortProviders(providers), [providers])
 
@@ -106,25 +109,24 @@ function OAuthPicker({ onWantApiKey, providers }: { onWantApiKey: () => void; pr
   return (
     <section className="mb-5 grid gap-2">
       <div className="flex flex-wrap items-baseline justify-between gap-x-3">
-        <SettingsCategoryHeading icon={KeyRound} title="Connect an account" />
+        <SettingsCategoryHeading icon={KeyRound} title={p.connectAccount} />
         <Button
           className="h-auto px-0 py-0 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)]"
           onClick={onWantApiKey}
           type="button"
           variant="textStrong"
         >
-          Have an API key instead?
+          {p.haveApiKey}
         </Button>
       </div>
       <p className="-mt-2 mb-1 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] leading-(--conversation-caption-line-height) text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
-        Sign in with a subscription — no API key to copy. Hermes runs the browser sign-in for you, right here in the
-        app.
+        {p.intro}
       </p>
       {featured && <FeaturedProviderRow onSelect={select} provider={featured} />}
       {connected.length > 0 && (
         <>
           <p className="mt-1 px-0.5 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] font-medium text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
-            Connected
+            {p.connected}
           </p>
           {connected.map(p => (
             <ProviderRow key={p.id} onSelect={select} provider={p} />
@@ -146,7 +148,7 @@ function OAuthPicker({ onWantApiKey, providers }: { onWantApiKey: () => void; pr
           type="button"
           variant="text"
         >
-          {showAll ? 'Collapse' : connected.length > 0 ? 'Connect another provider' : 'Other providers'}
+          {showAll ? p.collapse : connected.length > 0 ? p.connectAnother : p.otherProviders}
           <ChevronDown className={cn('size-3.5 transition', showAll && 'rotate-180')} />
         </Button>
       )}
@@ -155,14 +157,17 @@ function OAuthPicker({ onWantApiKey, providers }: { onWantApiKey: () => void; pr
 }
 
 function NoProviderKeys() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
   return (
     <div className="grid min-h-32 place-items-center px-4 py-8 text-center text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-muted-foreground">
-      No provider API keys available.
+      {t.settings.providers.noProviderKeys}
     </div>
   )
 }
 
 export function ProvidersSettings({ onViewChange, view }: ProvidersSettingsProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const { rowProps, vars } = useEnvCredentials()
   const [oauthProviders, setOauthProviders] = useState<OAuthProvider[]>([])
   const [openProvider, setOpenProvider] = useState<null | string>(null)
@@ -195,7 +200,7 @@ export function ProvidersSettings({ onViewChange, view }: ProvidersSettingsProps
   }, [onboardingActive])
 
   if (!vars) {
-    return <LoadingState label="Loading providers..." />
+    return <LoadingState label={t.settings.providers.loading} />
   }
 
   const hasOauth = oauthProviders.length > 0

apps/desktop/src/app/settings/sessions-settings.tsx

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
 import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
 import { deleteSession, listSessions, setSessionArchived } from '@/hermes'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { sessionTitle } from '@/lib/chat-runtime'
 import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
 import { Archive, ArchiveOff, FolderOpen, Loader2, Trash2 } from '@/lib/icons'
@@ -32,6 +33,8 @@ function workspaceLabel(cwd: null | string | undefined): string {
 }
 
 export function SessionsSettings() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const s = t.settings.sessions
   const [sessions, setLocalSessions] = useState<SessionInfo[]>([])
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
   const [busyId, setBusyId] = useState<string | null>(null)
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ export function SessionsSettings() {
       const result = await listSessions(ARCHIVED_FETCH_LIMIT, 0, 'only')
       setLocalSessions(result.sessions)
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, 'Could not load archived sessions')
+      notifyError(err, s.failedLoad)
     } finally {
       setLoading(false)
     }
@@ -62,16 +65,16 @@ export function SessionsSettings() {
       // Surface it again in the sidebar without waiting for a full refresh.
       setSessions(prev => [{ ...session, archived: false }, ...prev.filter(s => s.id !== session.id)])
       triggerHaptic('selection')
-      notify({ durationMs: 2_000, kind: 'success', message: 'Restored' })
+      notify({ durationMs: 2_000, kind: 'success', message: s.restored })
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, 'Unarchive failed')
+      notifyError(err, s.unarchiveFailed)
     } finally {
       setBusyId(null)
     }
-  }, [])
+  }, [s])
 
   const remove = useCallback(async (session: SessionInfo) => {
-    if (!window.confirm(`Permanently delete "${sessionTitle(session)}"? This cannot be undone.`)) {
+    if (!window.confirm(s.deleteConfirm(sessionTitle(session)))) {
       return
     }
 
@@ -82,11 +85,11 @@ export function SessionsSettings() {
       setLocalSessions(prev => prev.filter(s => s.id !== session.id))
       triggerHaptic('warning')
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, 'Delete failed')
+      notifyError(err, s.deleteFailed)
     } finally {
       setBusyId(null)
     }
-  }, [])
+  }, [s])
 
   useDeepLinkHighlight({
     elementId: id => `archived-session-${id}`,
@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@ export function SessionsSettings() {
   })
 
   if (loading) {
-    return <LoadingState label="Loading archived sessions…" />
+    return <LoadingState label={s.loading} />
   }
 
   return (
@@ -105,15 +108,14 @@ export function SessionsSettings() {
       <SectionHeading
         icon={Archive}
         meta={sessions.length ? String(sessions.length) : undefined}
-        title="Archived sessions"
+        title={s.archivedTitle}
       />
       <p className="mb-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
-        Archived chats are hidden from the sidebar but keep all their messages. Ctrl/⌘-click a chat in the sidebar to
-        archive it.
+        {s.archivedIntro}
       </p>
 
       {sessions.length === 0 ? (
-        <EmptyState description="Archive a chat to hide it here." title="Nothing archived" />
+        <EmptyState description={s.emptyArchivedDesc} title={s.emptyArchivedTitle} />
       ) : (
         <div className="grid gap-1">
           {sessions.map(session => {
@@ -133,11 +135,11 @@ export function SessionsSettings() {
                         variant="textStrong"
                       >
                         {busy ? <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" /> : <ArchiveOff className="size-3.5" />}
-                        <span>Unarchive</span>
+                        <span>{s.unarchive}</span>
                       </Button>
-                      <Tip label="Delete permanently">
+                      <Tip label={s.deletePermanently}>
                         <Button
-                          aria-label="Delete permanently"
+                          aria-label={s.deletePermanently}
                           className="text-muted-foreground hover:text-destructive"
                           disabled={busy}
                           onClick={() => void remove(session)}
@@ -151,7 +153,7 @@ export function SessionsSettings() {
                     </div>
                   }
                   description={session.preview || undefined}
-                  hint={label ? `${label} · ${session.message_count} messages` : `${session.message_count} messages`}
+                  hint={label ? `${label} · ${s.messages(session.message_count)}` : s.messages(session.message_count)}
                   title={sessionTitle(session)}
                 />
               </div>
@@ -167,6 +169,8 @@ export function SessionsSettings() {
 // builds on Windows used to spawn sessions in the install dir (`win-unpacked`
 // / Program Files), which buried any files Hermes wrote there.
 function DefaultProjectDirSetting() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const s = t.settings.sessions
   const [dir, setDir] = useState<null | string>(null)
   const [fallback, setFallback] = useState<string>('')
   const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false)
@@ -217,13 +221,13 @@ function DefaultProjectDirSetting() {
 
       const result = await settings.setDefaultProjectDir(picked.dir)
       setDir(result.dir)
-      notify({ durationMs: 2_000, kind: 'success', message: 'Default project directory updated' })
+      notify({ durationMs: 2_000, kind: 'success', message: s.defaultDirUpdated })
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, 'Could not update default directory')
+      notifyError(err, s.updateDirFailed)
     } finally {
       setBusy(false)
     }
-  }, [])
+  }, [s])
 
   const clear = useCallback(async () => {
     const settings = window.hermesDesktop?.settings
@@ -238,34 +242,34 @@ function DefaultProjectDirSetting() {
       await settings.setDefaultProjectDir(null)
       setDir(null)
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, 'Could not clear default directory')
+      notifyError(err, s.clearDirFailed)
     } finally {
       setBusy(false)
     }
-  }, [])
+  }, [s])
 
   return (
     <div className="mb-6">
-      <SectionHeading icon={FolderOpen} title="Default project directory" />
+      <SectionHeading icon={FolderOpen} title={s.defaultDirTitle} />
       <p className="mb-2 text-[length:var(--conversation-caption-font-size)] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">
-        New sessions start in this folder unless you pick another. Leave it unset to use your home directory.
+        {s.defaultDirDesc}
       </p>
       <ListRow
         action={
           <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
             <Button disabled={busy} onClick={() => void choose()} size="sm" type="button" variant="textStrong">
               <FolderOpen className="size-3.5" />
-              <span>{dir ? 'Change' : 'Choose'}</span>
+              <span>{dir ? s.change : s.choose}</span>
             </Button>
             {dir && (
               <Button disabled={busy} onClick={() => void clear()} size="sm" type="button" variant="text">
-                Clear
+                {s.clear}
               </Button>
             )}
           </div>
         }
-        description={dir || `Defaults to ${fallback || '~/hermes-projects'}.`}
-        title={dir ? dir : 'Not set'}
+        description={dir || s.defaultsTo(fallback || '~/hermes-projects')}
+        title={dir ? dir : s.notSet}
       />
     </div>
   )

apps/desktop/src/app/settings/toolset-config-panel.tsx

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { PageLoader } from '@/components/page-loader'
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
 import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input'
 import { deleteEnvVar, getToolsetConfig, revealEnvVar, selectToolsetProvider, setEnvVar } from '@/hermes'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { Check, Loader2, Save } from '@/lib/icons'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
@@ -35,6 +36,8 @@ interface EnvVarFieldProps {
 }
 
 function EnvVarField({ envVar, isSet, onSaved, onCleared }: EnvVarFieldProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.toolsets
   const [editing, setEditing] = useState(false)
   const [value, setValue] = useState('')
   const [revealed, setRevealed] = useState<string | null>(null)
@@ -52,16 +55,16 @@ function EnvVarField({ envVar, isSet, onSaved, onCleared }: EnvVarFieldProps) {
       setEditing(false)
       setValue('')
       onSaved(envVar.key)
-      notify({ kind: 'success', title: 'Credential saved', message: `${envVar.key} updated.` })
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: copy.savedTitle, message: copy.savedMessage(envVar.key) })
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, `Failed to save ${envVar.key}`)
+      notifyError(err, copy.failedSave(envVar.key))
     } finally {
       setBusy(false)
     }
   }
 
   async function handleClear() {
-    if (!window.confirm(`Remove ${envVar.key} from .env?`)) {
+    if (!window.confirm(copy.removeConfirm(envVar.key))) {
       return
     }
 
@@ -71,9 +74,9 @@ function EnvVarField({ envVar, isSet, onSaved, onCleared }: EnvVarFieldProps) {
       await deleteEnvVar(envVar.key)
       setRevealed(null)
       onCleared(envVar.key)
-      notify({ kind: 'success', title: 'Credential removed', message: `${envVar.key} removed.` })
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: copy.removedTitle, message: copy.removedMessage(envVar.key) })
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, `Failed to remove ${envVar.key}`)
+      notifyError(err, copy.failedRemove(envVar.key))
     } finally {
       setBusy(false)
     }
@@ -90,7 +93,7 @@ function EnvVarField({ envVar, isSet, onSaved, onCleared }: EnvVarFieldProps) {
       const result = await revealEnvVar(envVar.key)
       setRevealed(result.value)
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, `Failed to reveal ${envVar.key}`)
+      notifyError(err, copy.failedReveal(envVar.key))
     }
   }
 
@@ -102,7 +105,7 @@ function EnvVarField({ envVar, isSet, onSaved, onCleared }: EnvVarFieldProps) {
             <span className="font-mono text-xs font-medium">{envVar.key}</span>
             <Pill tone={isSet ? 'primary' : 'muted'}>
               {isSet && <Check className="size-3" />}
-              {isSet ? 'Set' : 'Not set'}
+              {isSet ? copy.set : copy.notSet}
             </Pill>
           </div>
           {envVar.prompt && envVar.prompt !== envVar.key && (
@@ -143,10 +146,10 @@ function EnvVarField({ envVar, isSet, onSaved, onCleared }: EnvVarFieldProps) {
           />
           <Button disabled={busy || !value} onClick={() => void handleSave()} size="sm">
             {busy ? <Loader2 className="size-3.5 animate-spin" /> : <Save />}
-            Save
+            {t.common.save}
           </Button>
           <Button onClick={() => setEditing(false)} size="sm" variant="text">
-            Cancel
+            {t.common.cancel}
           </Button>
         </div>
       )}
@@ -155,6 +158,8 @@ function EnvVarField({ envVar, isSet, onSaved, onCleared }: EnvVarFieldProps) {
 }
 
 export function ToolsetConfigPanel({ toolset, onConfiguredChange }: ToolsetConfigPanelProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.settings.toolsets
   const [cfg, setCfg] = useState<ToolsetConfig | null>(null)
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
   const [selecting, setSelecting] = useState<string | null>(null)
@@ -178,7 +183,7 @@ export function ToolsetConfigPanel({ toolset, onConfiguredChange }: ToolsetConfi
 
       setEnvState(seeded)
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, 'Tool configuration failed to load')
+      notifyError(err, copy.failedLoad)
     } finally {
       setLoading(false)
     }
@@ -215,10 +220,10 @@ export function ToolsetConfigPanel({ toolset, onConfiguredChange }: ToolsetConfi
 
     try {
       await selectToolsetProvider(toolset, provider.name)
-      notify({ kind: 'success', title: 'Provider selected', message: `${provider.name} is now active.` })
+      notify({ kind: 'success', title: copy.selectedTitle, message: copy.selectedMessage(provider.name) })
       onConfiguredChange?.()
     } catch (err) {
-      notifyError(err, `Failed to select ${provider.name}`)
+      notifyError(err, copy.failedSelect(provider.name))
     } finally {
       setSelecting(null)
     }
@@ -235,18 +240,18 @@ export function ToolsetConfigPanel({ toolset, onConfiguredChange }: ToolsetConfi
     }
 
     if (!cfg.has_category) {
-      return 'This toolset has no provider options — enable it and it works with your current setup.'
+      return copy.noProviderOptions
     }
 
     if (providers.length === 0) {
-      return 'No providers are available for this toolset right now.'
+      return copy.noProviders
     }
 
     return null
-  }, [cfg, loading, providers.length])
+  }, [cfg, copy, loading, providers.length])
 
   if (loading) {
-    return <PageLoader className="min-h-32" label="Loading configuration" />
+    return <PageLoader className="min-h-32" label={copy.loadingConfig} />
   }
 
   if (emptyMessage) {
@@ -276,7 +281,7 @@ export function ToolsetConfigPanel({ toolset, onConfiguredChange }: ToolsetConfi
                 {configured && (
                   <Pill tone="primary">
                     <Check className="size-3" />
-                    Ready
+                    {copy.ready}
                   </Pill>
                 )}
               </span>
@@ -288,11 +293,11 @@ export function ToolsetConfigPanel({ toolset, onConfiguredChange }: ToolsetConfi
                 {provider.tag && <p className="text-[0.72rem] text-muted-foreground">{provider.tag}</p>}
                 {provider.requires_nous_auth && (
                   <p className="text-[0.72rem] text-muted-foreground">
-                    Included with a Nous subscription — sign in to Nous Portal to activate.
+                    {copy.nousIncluded}
                   </p>
                 )}
                 {provider.env_vars.length === 0 ? (
-                  <p className="text-[0.72rem] text-muted-foreground">No API key required.</p>
+                  <p className="text-[0.72rem] text-muted-foreground">{copy.noApiKeyRequired}</p>
                 ) : (
                   provider.env_vars.map(ev => (
                     <EnvVarField
@@ -306,8 +311,7 @@ export function ToolsetConfigPanel({ toolset, onConfiguredChange }: ToolsetConfi
                 )}
                 {provider.post_setup && (
                   <p className="text-[0.72rem] text-muted-foreground">
-                    This provider needs an extra setup step ({provider.post_setup}). Run it from the CLI with{' '}
-                    <code className="font-mono">hermes tools</code> for now.
+                    {copy.postSetup(provider.post_setup)}
                   </p>
                 )}
               </div>

apps/desktop/src/app/shell/gateway-menu-panel.tsx

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { IconLayoutDashboard } from '@tabler/icons-react'
 import { StatusDot, type StatusTone } from '@/components/status-dot'
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
 import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { Activity, AlertCircle } from '@/lib/icons'
 import type { RuntimeReadinessResult } from '@/lib/runtime-readiness'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
@@ -40,23 +41,25 @@ export function GatewayMenuPanel({
   onOpenSystem,
   statusSnapshot
 }: GatewayMenuPanelProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.shell.gatewayMenu
   const gatewayOpen = gatewayState === 'open'
   const gatewayConnecting = gatewayState === 'connecting'
   const inferenceReady = gatewayOpen && inferenceStatus?.ready === true
 
   const connectionLabel = gatewayOpen
-    ? 'Connected'
+    ? copy.connected
     : gatewayConnecting
-      ? 'Connecting'
-      : prettyState(gatewayState || 'offline')
+      ? copy.connecting
+      : prettyState(gatewayState || copy.offline)
 
   const inferenceLabel = gatewayOpen
     ? inferenceStatus?.ready
-      ? 'Inference ready'
+      ? copy.inferenceReady
       : inferenceStatus
-        ? 'Inference not ready'
-        : 'Checking inference'
-    : 'Disconnected'
+        ? copy.inferenceNotReady
+        : copy.checkingInference
+    : copy.disconnected
 
   const platforms = Object.entries(statusSnapshot?.gateway_platforms || {}).sort(([l], [r]) => l.localeCompare(r))
   const recentLogs = logLines.slice(-5)
@@ -70,16 +73,16 @@ export function GatewayMenuPanel({
           ) : (
             <AlertCircle className={cn('size-3.5', gatewayOpen ? 'text-amber-600' : 'text-destructive')} />
           )}
-          <span className="font-medium">Gateway</span>
+          <span className="font-medium">{copy.gateway}</span>
           <span className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
             <StatusDot tone={inferenceReady ? 'good' : gatewayOpen ? 'warn' : 'bad'} />
             {inferenceLabel}
           </span>
         </div>
         <div className="flex items-center">
-          <Tip label="Open system panel">
+          <Tip label={copy.openSystem}>
             <Button
-              aria-label="Open system panel"
+              aria-label={copy.openSystem}
               className="text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"
               onClick={onOpenSystem}
               size="icon-sm"
@@ -92,13 +95,13 @@ export function GatewayMenuPanel({
       </div>
 
       <div className="border-t border-border/50 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-        <div>Connection: {connectionLabel}</div>
+        <div>{copy.connection(connectionLabel)}</div>
         {inferenceStatus?.reason && <div className="mt-1 line-clamp-3">{inferenceStatus.reason}</div>}
       </div>
 
       {recentLogs.length > 0 && (
         <div className="border-t border-border/50 px-3 py-2">
-          <SectionLabel>Recent activity</SectionLabel>
+          <SectionLabel>{copy.recentActivity}</SectionLabel>
           <ul className="mt-1.5 space-y-0.5">
             {recentLogs.map((line, index) => (
               <Tip key={`${index}:${line}`} label={line.trim()}>
@@ -113,14 +116,14 @@ export function GatewayMenuPanel({
             onClick={onOpenSystem}
             type="button"
           >
-            View all logs →
+            {copy.viewAllLogs}
           </button>
         </div>
       )}
 
       {platforms.length > 0 && (
         <div className="border-t border-border/50 px-3 py-2">
-          <SectionLabel>Messaging platforms</SectionLabel>
+          <SectionLabel>{copy.messagingPlatforms}</SectionLabel>
           <ul className="mt-1.5 space-y-1">
             {platforms.map(([name, platform]) => (
               <li className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 text-xs" key={name}>

apps/desktop/src/app/shell/hooks/use-statusbar-items.tsx

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import {
   Zap,
   ZapFilled
 } from '@/lib/icons'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { formatModelStatusLabel } from '@/lib/model-status-label'
 import type { RuntimeReadinessResult } from '@/lib/runtime-readiness'
 import { contextBarLabel, LiveDuration, usageContextLabel } from '@/lib/statusbar'
@@ -78,6 +79,8 @@ export function useStatusbarItems({
   statusSnapshot,
   toggleCommandCenter
 }: StatusbarItemsOptions) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.shell.statusbar
   const activeSessionId = useStore($activeSessionId)
   const yoloActive = useStore($yoloActive)
   const busy = useStore($busy)
@@ -160,13 +163,13 @@ export function useStatusbarItems({
 
   const gatewayDetail = gatewayOpen
     ? inferenceStatus?.ready
-      ? 'ready'
+      ? copy.gatewayReady
       : inferenceStatus
-        ? 'needs setup'
-        : 'checking'
+        ? copy.gatewayNeedsSetup
+        : copy.gatewayChecking
     : gatewayConnecting
-      ? 'connecting'
-      : 'offline'
+      ? copy.gatewayConnecting
+      : copy.gatewayOffline
 
   const gatewayClassName = inferenceReady
     ? undefined
@@ -179,21 +182,21 @@ export function useStatusbarItems({
     const sha = updateStatus?.currentSha?.slice(0, 7) ?? null
     const behind = updateStatus?.behind ?? 0
     const applying = updateApply.applying || updateApply.stage === 'restart'
-    const base = appVersion ? `v${appVersion}` : (sha ?? 'unknown')
+    const base = appVersion ? `v${appVersion}` : (sha ?? copy.unknown)
     const behindHint = !applying && behind > 0 ? ` (+${behind})` : ''
 
     const label = applying
       ? updateApply.stage === 'restart'
-        ? `${base} · restart`
-        : `${base} · update`
+        ? `${base} · ${copy.restart}`
+        : `${base} · ${copy.update}`
       : `${base}${behindHint}`
 
     const tooltip = [
-      applying ? updateApply.message || 'Update in progress' : null,
-      !applying && behind > 0 && `${behind} commit${behind === 1 ? '' : 's'} behind ${updateStatus?.branch ?? '…'}`,
-      appVersion && `Hermes Desktop v${appVersion}`,
-      sha && `commit ${sha}`,
-      updateStatus?.branch && `branch ${updateStatus.branch}`
+      applying ? updateApply.message || copy.updateInProgress : null,
+      !applying && behind > 0 && copy.commitsBehind(behind, updateStatus?.branch ?? '...'),
+      appVersion && copy.desktopVersion(appVersion),
+      sha && copy.commit(sha),
+      updateStatus?.branch && copy.branch(updateStatus.branch)
     ]
       .filter(Boolean)
       .join(' · ')
@@ -211,6 +214,7 @@ export function useStatusbarItems({
     }
   }, [
     desktopVersion?.appVersion,
+    copy,
     updateApply.applying,
     updateApply.message,
     updateApply.stage,
@@ -226,7 +230,7 @@ export function useStatusbarItems({
         icon: <Command className="size-3.5" />,
         id: 'command-center',
         onSelect: toggleCommandCenter,
-        title: commandCenterOpen ? 'Close Command Center' : 'Open Command Center',
+        title: commandCenterOpen ? copy.closeCommandCenter : copy.openCommandCenter,
         variant: 'action'
       },
       {
@@ -234,10 +238,10 @@ export function useStatusbarItems({
         detail: gatewayDetail,
         icon: inferenceReady ? <Activity className="size-3" /> : <AlertCircle className="size-3" />,
         id: 'gateway-health',
-        label: 'Gateway',
+        label: copy.gateway,
         menuClassName: 'w-72',
         menuContent: gatewayMenuContent,
-        title: inferenceStatus?.reason || 'Hermes inference gateway status',
+        title: inferenceStatus?.reason || copy.gatewayTitle,
         variant: 'menu'
       },
       {
@@ -247,11 +251,11 @@ export function useStatusbarItems({
         ),
         detail:
           subagentsRunning > 0
-            ? `${subagentsRunning} subagent${subagentsRunning === 1 ? '' : 's'}`
+            ? copy.subagents(subagentsRunning)
             : bgFailed > 0
-              ? `${bgFailed} failed`
+              ? copy.failed(bgFailed)
               : bgRunning > 0
-                ? `${bgRunning} running`
+                ? copy.running(bgRunning)
                 : undefined,
         icon:
           bgFailed > 0 ? (
@@ -262,16 +266,16 @@ export function useStatusbarItems({
             <Sparkles className="size-3" />
           ),
         id: 'agents',
-        label: 'Agents',
+        label: copy.agents,
         onSelect: openAgents,
-        title: agentsOpen ? 'Close agents' : 'Open agents',
+        title: agentsOpen ? copy.closeAgents : copy.openAgents,
         variant: 'action'
       },
       {
         icon: <Clock className="size-3" />,
         id: 'cron',
-        label: 'Cron',
-        title: 'Open cron jobs',
+        label: copy.cron,
+        title: copy.openCron,
         to: CRON_ROUTE,
         variant: 'action'
       }
@@ -281,6 +285,7 @@ export function useStatusbarItems({
       bgFailed,
       bgRunning,
       commandCenterOpen,
+      copy,
       gatewayMenuContent,
       gatewayClassName,
       gatewayDetail,
@@ -299,8 +304,8 @@ export function useStatusbarItems({
         hidden: !busy || !turnStartedAt,
         icon: <Loader2 className="size-3 animate-spin" />,
         id: 'running-timer',
-        label: 'Running',
-        title: 'Current turn elapsed',
+        label: copy.turnRunning,
+        title: copy.currentTurnElapsed,
         variant: 'text'
       },
       {
@@ -308,15 +313,15 @@ export function useStatusbarItems({
         hidden: !contextUsage,
         id: 'context-usage',
         label: contextUsage,
-        title: 'Context usage',
+        title: copy.contextUsage,
         variant: 'text'
       },
       {
         detail: <LiveDuration since={sessionStartedAt} />,
         hidden: !sessionStartedAt,
         id: 'session-timer',
-        label: 'Session',
-        title: 'Runtime session elapsed',
+        label: copy.session,
+        title: copy.runtimeSessionElapsed,
         variant: 'text'
       },
       {
@@ -329,9 +334,7 @@ export function useStatusbarItems({
         ),
         id: 'yolo',
         onSelect: () => void toggleYolo(),
-        title: yoloActive
-          ? 'YOLO on — auto-approving dangerous commands. Click to turn off.'
-          : 'YOLO off — click to auto-approve dangerous commands.',
+        title: yoloActive ? copy.yoloOn : copy.yoloOff,
         variant: 'action'
       },
       {
@@ -352,12 +355,16 @@ export function useStatusbarItems({
               menuAlign: 'end' as const,
               menuClassName: 'w-64',
               menuContent: modelMenuContent,
-              title: currentProvider ? `Model · ${currentProvider}: ${currentModel || 'none'}` : 'Switch model',
+              title: currentProvider
+                ? copy.modelTitle(currentProvider, currentModel || copy.modelNone)
+                : copy.switchModel,
               variant: 'menu' as const
             }
           : {
               onSelect: () => setModelPickerOpen(true),
-              title: currentProvider ? `${currentProvider} · ${currentModel || 'no model'}` : 'Open model picker',
+              title: currentProvider
+                ? copy.providerModelTitle(currentProvider, currentModel || copy.noModel)
+                : copy.openModelPicker,
               variant: 'action' as const
             })
       },
@@ -367,6 +374,7 @@ export function useStatusbarItems({
       busy,
       contextBar,
       contextUsage,
+      copy,
       currentFastMode,
       currentModel,
       currentProvider,

apps/desktop/src/app/shell/model-edit-submenu.tsx

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
   DropdownMenuSubContent
 } from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
 import { Switch } from '@/components/ui/switch'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
 import {
   $activeSessionId,
@@ -22,11 +23,11 @@ import {
 // Hermes' real reasoning levels (see VALID_REASONING_EFFORTS); `none` is owned
 // by the Thinking toggle, not the radio.
 const EFFORT_OPTIONS = [
-  { value: 'minimal', label: 'Minimal' },
-  { value: 'low', label: 'Low' },
-  { value: 'medium', label: 'Medium' },
-  { value: 'high', label: 'High' },
-  { value: 'xhigh', label: 'Max' }
+  { value: 'minimal', labelKey: 'minimal' },
+  { value: 'low', labelKey: 'low' },
+  { value: 'medium', labelKey: 'medium' },
+  { value: 'high', labelKey: 'high' },
+  { value: 'xhigh', labelKey: 'max' }
 ] as const
 
 /** How "fast" is achieved for a given model — two different mechanisms:
@@ -97,6 +98,8 @@ export function ModelEditSubmenu({
   reasoning,
   requestGateway
 }: ModelEditSubmenuProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.shell.modelOptions
   // Reactive session state comes straight from the stores rather than being
   // drilled through the panel, so editing it re-renders only this submenu.
   const activeSessionId = useStore($activeSessionId)
@@ -133,7 +136,7 @@ export function ModelEditSubmenu({
       })
     } catch (err) {
       setCurrentReasoningEffort(rollback)
-      notifyError(err, 'Model option update failed')
+      notifyError(err, copy.updateFailed)
     }
   }
 
@@ -163,7 +166,7 @@ export function ModelEditSubmenu({
           })
         } catch (err) {
           setCurrentFastMode(!enabled)
-          notifyError(err, 'Fast mode update failed')
+          notifyError(err, copy.fastFailed)
         }
       })()
     }
@@ -175,13 +178,13 @@ export function ModelEditSubmenu({
   return (
     <DropdownMenuSubContent className="w-52 p-0" sideOffset={4}>
       {!hasFast && !reasoning ? (
-        <div className="px-2.5 py-3 text-xs text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">No options for this model</div>
+        <div className="px-2.5 py-3 text-xs text-(--ui-text-tertiary)">{copy.noOptions}</div>
       ) : (
         <>
-          <DropdownMenuLabel className={dropdownMenuSectionLabel}>Options</DropdownMenuLabel>
+          <DropdownMenuLabel className={dropdownMenuSectionLabel}>{copy.options}</DropdownMenuLabel>
           {reasoning ? (
             <DropdownMenuItem className={dropdownMenuRow} onSelect={event => event.preventDefault()}>
-              Thinking
+              {copy.thinking}
               <Switch
                 checked={thinkingOn}
                 className="ml-auto"
@@ -194,14 +197,14 @@ export function ModelEditSubmenu({
           ) : null}
           {hasFast ? (
             <DropdownMenuItem className={dropdownMenuRow} onSelect={event => event.preventDefault()}>
-              Fast
+              {copy.fast}
               <Switch checked={fastOn} className="ml-auto" onCheckedChange={toggleFast} size="xs" />
             </DropdownMenuItem>
           ) : null}
           {reasoning ? (
             <>
               <DropdownMenuSeparator className="mx-0" />
-              <DropdownMenuLabel className={dropdownMenuSectionLabel}>Effort</DropdownMenuLabel>
+              <DropdownMenuLabel className={dropdownMenuSectionLabel}>{copy.effort}</DropdownMenuLabel>
               <DropdownMenuRadioGroup
                 onValueChange={value => void patchReasoning(value, currentReasoningEffort)}
                 value={effort}
@@ -213,7 +216,7 @@ export function ModelEditSubmenu({
                     onSelect={event => event.preventDefault()}
                     value={option.value}
                   >
-                    {option.label}
+                    {copy[option.labelKey]}
                   </DropdownMenuRadioItem>
                 ))}
               </DropdownMenuRadioGroup>

apps/desktop/src/app/shell/model-menu-panel.tsx

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import {
 import { Skeleton } from '@/components/ui/skeleton'
 import type { HermesGateway } from '@/hermes'
 import { getGlobalModelOptions } from '@/hermes'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { displayModelName, modelDisplayParts, reasoningEffortLabel } from '@/lib/model-status-label'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 import {
@@ -50,6 +51,8 @@ interface ProviderGroup {
 }
 
 export function ModelMenuPanel({ gateway, onSelectModel, requestGateway }: ModelMenuPanelProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.shell.modelMenu
   const [search, setSearch] = useState('')
   // Reactive session state is read from the stores here (not drilled in), so
   // toggling effort/fast/model re-renders this panel in place without forcing
@@ -95,9 +98,9 @@ export function ModelMenuPanel({ gateway, onSelectModel, requestGateway }: Model
   return (
     <>
       <DropdownMenuSearch
-        aria-label="Search models"
+        aria-label={copy.search}
         onValueChange={setSearch}
-        placeholder="Search models"
+        placeholder={copy.search}
         value={search}
       />
 
@@ -122,7 +125,7 @@ export function ModelMenuPanel({ gateway, onSelectModel, requestGateway }: Model
         </DropdownMenuItem>
       ) : groups.length === 0 ? (
         <DropdownMenuItem className={dropdownMenuRow} disabled>
-          No models found
+          {copy.noModels}
         </DropdownMenuItem>
       ) : (
         <div className="max-h-80 overflow-y-auto py-0.5">
@@ -158,13 +161,13 @@ export function ModelMenuPanel({ gateway, onSelectModel, requestGateway }: Model
                 // others show a fast-capability hint.
                 const meta = isCurrent
                   ? [
-                      fastControl.kind !== 'none' && fastControl.on ? 'Fast' : null,
-                      reasoningEffortLabel(currentReasoningEffort) || 'Med'
+                      fastControl.kind !== 'none' && fastControl.on ? copy.fast : null,
+                      reasoningEffortLabel(currentReasoningEffort) || copy.medium
                     ]
                       .filter(Boolean)
                       .join(' ')
                   : caps?.fast || family.fastId
-                    ? 'Fast'
+                    ? copy.fast
                     : ''
 
                 // Every row is a hover-Edit submenu trigger. Activating it
@@ -218,7 +221,7 @@ export function ModelMenuPanel({ gateway, onSelectModel, requestGateway }: Model
         className={cn(dropdownMenuRow, 'text-(--ui-text-tertiary)')}
         onSelect={() => setModelVisibilityOpen(true)}
       >
-        Edit Models…
+        {copy.editModels}
       </DropdownMenuItem>
     </>
   )

apps/desktop/src/app/shell/titlebar-controls.tsx

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ export function TitlebarControls({ leftTools = [], tools = [], onOpenSettings }:
   return (
     <>
       <div
-        aria-label="Window controls"
+        aria-label={t.shell.windowControls}
         className="fixed left-(--titlebar-controls-left) top-(--titlebar-controls-top) z-70 flex translate-y-0.5 flex-row items-center gap-x-1 pointer-events-auto select-none [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]"
       >
         {leftToolbarTools
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ export function TitlebarControls({ leftTools = [], tools = [], onOpenSettings }:
       */}
       {visiblePaneTools.length > 0 && (
         <div
-          aria-label="Pane controls"
+          aria-label={t.shell.paneControls}
           className="fixed top-(--titlebar-controls-top) right-[calc(var(--titlebar-tools-right)+var(--shell-preview-toolbar-gap,0))] z-70 flex flex-row items-center gap-x-1 pointer-events-auto select-none [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]"
         >
           {visiblePaneTools.map(tool => (
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ export function TitlebarControls({ leftTools = [], tools = [], onOpenSettings }:
       )}
 
       <div
-        aria-label="App controls"
+        aria-label={t.shell.appControls}
         className="fixed right-(--titlebar-tools-right) top-(--titlebar-controls-top) z-70 flex flex-row items-center justify-end gap-x-1 pointer-events-auto select-none [-webkit-app-region:no-drag]"
       >
         {visibleSystemToolsBeforeSettings.map(tool => (

apps/desktop/src/app/updates-overlay.tsx

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { writeClipboardText } from '@/components/ui/copy-button'
 import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogDescription, DialogTitle } from '@/components/ui/dialog'
 import { ErrorState } from '@/components/ui/error-state'
 import type { DesktopUpdateCommit, DesktopUpdateStage, DesktopUpdateStatus } from '@/global'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { buildCommitChangelog, type CommitGroup } from '@/lib/commit-changelog'
 import { AlertCircle, Check, CheckCircle2, Copy, Loader2, Sparkles, Terminal } from '@/lib/icons'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
@@ -21,17 +22,6 @@ import {
   type UpdateApplyState
 } from '@/store/updates'
 
-const STAGE_LABELS: Record<DesktopUpdateStage, string> = {
-  idle: 'Getting ready…',
-  prepare: 'Getting ready…',
-  fetch: 'Downloading…',
-  pull: 'Almost there…',
-  pydeps: 'Finishing up…',
-  restart: 'Restarting Hermes…',
-  manual: 'Update from your terminal',
-  error: 'Update paused'
-}
-
 function totalItems(groups: readonly CommitGroup[]) {
   return groups.reduce((sum, g) => sum + g.items.length, 0)
 }
@@ -124,9 +114,12 @@ function IdleView({
   onRetryCheck: () => void
   status: DesktopUpdateStatus | null
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const u = t.updates
+
   if (!status && checking) {
     return (
-      <CenteredStatus icon={<Loader2 className="size-6 animate-spin text-primary" />} title="Looking for updates…" />
+      <CenteredStatus icon={<Loader2 className="size-6 animate-spin text-primary" />} title={u.checking} />
     )
   }
 
@@ -135,11 +128,11 @@ function IdleView({
       <CenteredStatus
         action={
           <Button onClick={onRetryCheck} size="sm">
-            Try again
+            {u.tryAgain}
           </Button>
         }
         icon={<AlertCircle className="size-6 text-muted-foreground" />}
-        title="Couldn’t check for updates"
+        title={u.checkFailedTitle}
       />
     )
   }
@@ -147,9 +140,9 @@ function IdleView({
   if (!status.supported) {
     return (
       <CenteredStatus
-        body={status.message ?? 'This version of Hermes can’t update itself from inside the app.'}
+        body={status.message ?? u.unsupportedMessage}
         icon={<AlertCircle className="size-6 text-muted-foreground" />}
-        title="Update not available"
+        title={u.notAvailableTitle}
       />
     )
   }
@@ -159,12 +152,12 @@ function IdleView({
       <CenteredStatus
         action={
           <Button disabled={checking} onClick={onRetryCheck} size="sm">
-            Try again
+            {u.tryAgain}
           </Button>
         }
-        body="Check your connection and try again."
+        body={u.connectionRetry}
         icon={<AlertCircle className="size-6 text-muted-foreground" />}
-        title="Couldn’t check for updates"
+        title={u.checkFailedTitle}
       />
     )
   }
@@ -172,9 +165,9 @@ function IdleView({
   if (behind === 0) {
     return (
       <CenteredStatus
-        body="You’re running the latest version."
+        body={u.latestBody}
         icon={<CheckCircle2 className="size-7 text-emerald-600 dark:text-emerald-400" />}
-        title="You’re all set"
+        title={u.allSetTitle}
       />
     )
   }
@@ -190,9 +183,9 @@ function IdleView({
           <Sparkles className="size-7" />
         </span>
 
-        <DialogTitle className="text-center text-xl">New update available</DialogTitle>
+        <DialogTitle className="text-center text-xl">{u.availableTitle}</DialogTitle>
         <DialogDescription className="text-center text-sm">
-          A new version of Hermes is ready to install.
+          {u.availableBody}
         </DialogDescription>
       </div>
 
@@ -214,20 +207,20 @@ function IdleView({
 
       <div className="grid gap-2">
         <Button className="font-semibold" onClick={onInstall} size="lg">
-          Update now
+          {u.updateNow}
         </Button>
         <button
           className="text-center text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
           onClick={onLater}
           type="button"
         >
-          Maybe later
+          {u.maybeLater}
         </button>
       </div>
 
       {remaining > 0 && (
         <p className="text-center text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-          + {remaining} more change{remaining === 1 ? '' : 's'} included.
+          {u.moreChanges(remaining)}
         </p>
       )}
     </div>
@@ -235,6 +228,8 @@ function IdleView({
 }
 
 function ManualView({ command, onDone }: { command: string; onDone: () => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const u = t.updates
   const [copied, setCopied] = useState(false)
 
   const handleCopy = () => {
@@ -251,9 +246,9 @@ function ManualView({ command, onDone }: { command: string; onDone: () => void }
           <Terminal className="size-7" />
         </span>
 
-        <DialogTitle className="text-center text-xl">Update from your terminal</DialogTitle>
+        <DialogTitle className="text-center text-xl">{u.manualTitle}</DialogTitle>
         <DialogDescription className="text-center text-sm">
-          You installed Hermes from the command line, so updates run there too. Paste this into your terminal:
+          {u.manualBody}
         </DialogDescription>
       </div>
 
@@ -270,30 +265,32 @@ function ManualView({ command, onDone }: { command: string; onDone: () => void }
           {copied ? (
             <>
               <Check className="size-3.5 text-emerald-600 dark:text-emerald-400" />
-              Copied
+              {u.copied}
             </>
           ) : (
             <>
               <Copy className="size-3.5" />
-              Copy
+              {u.copy}
             </>
           )}
         </span>
       </button>
 
       <p className="text-center text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-        Hermes will pick up the new version next time you launch it.
+        {u.manualPickedUp}
       </p>
 
       <Button className="font-semibold" onClick={onDone} size="lg" variant="outline">
-        Done
+        {u.done}
       </Button>
     </div>
   )
 }
 
 function ApplyingView({ apply }: { apply: UpdateApplyState }) {
-  const label = STAGE_LABELS[apply.stage] ?? 'Updating Hermes…'
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const u = t.updates
+  const label = u.stages[apply.stage as DesktopUpdateStage] ?? u.stages.idle
 
   const percent =
     typeof apply.percent === 'number' && Number.isFinite(apply.percent)
@@ -309,7 +306,7 @@ function ApplyingView({ apply }: { apply: UpdateApplyState }) {
 
         <DialogTitle className="text-center text-xl">{label}</DialogTitle>
         <DialogDescription className="text-center text-sm">
-          The Hermes updater will take over in its own window and reopen Hermes when it&rsquo;s done.
+          {u.applyingBody}
         </DialogDescription>
       </div>
 
@@ -323,29 +320,32 @@ function ApplyingView({ apply }: { apply: UpdateApplyState }) {
         />
       </div>
 
-      <p className="text-center text-xs text-muted-foreground">Hermes will close to apply the update.</p>
+      <p className="text-center text-xs text-muted-foreground">{u.applyingClose}</p>
     </div>
   )
 }
 
 function ErrorView({ message, onDismiss, onRetry }: { message: string; onDismiss: () => void; onRetry: () => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const u = t.updates
+
   return (
     <ErrorState
       className="px-6 pb-6 pt-7 pr-8"
       description={
         <DialogDescription className="max-w-prose text-center text-sm leading-5 text-muted-foreground">
-          {message || 'No worries — nothing was lost. You can try again now.'}
+          {message || u.errorBody}
         </DialogDescription>
       }
       title={
-        <DialogTitle className="text-center text-xl font-semibold tracking-tight">Update didn’t finish</DialogTitle>
+        <DialogTitle className="text-center text-xl font-semibold tracking-tight">{u.errorTitle}</DialogTitle>
       }
     >
       <Button className="font-semibold" onClick={onRetry} size="lg">
-        Try again
+        {u.tryAgain}
       </Button>
       <Button onClick={onDismiss} variant="text">
-        Not now
+        {u.notNow}
       </Button>
     </ErrorState>
   )